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Diversity of life > Evolutions of land plants - Week 15 > Flashcards

Evolutions of land plants - Week 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What is archaeplastida

A

monophyletic group that descended from the ancient protists that engulfed a cyanobacteria
(primary endosymbiosis)

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2
Q

What are embryophyes?

A

Land plants

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3
Q

Land plants closest relatives

A

Chara, coleochaeta

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4
Q

What type of life cycle do land plants have?

A

haplo-diplontic lifecycles

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5
Q

Sexual life cycle of embryophytes?

See diagram

A

Sexual life cycle of embryophytes?

See diagram

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6
Q

What are 3 sexual life cycles?

A

Diplontic - animals/ some fungi - exists as multicellular diploid most of the time, but gametes are haploid

Haplontic - chara/ coleochaete - Haploid being, but zygote divides by meiosis with no multicellular diploid growth

Haplo-diplontic - all living land plants - both hap and diploid within generation, zygote undergoes mitotic division

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7
Q

Reproduction in chara, what are 3 structures and what do they do?

A

Oogamous - small motile sperm, large immotile egg
Megagametangia - egg cells born in
Microgametangia - sperm cells born in

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8
Q

Needs for Invading the land/ air

A
  • Avoiding desiccation (drying up)
  • access to water (vascular system)
  • Avoiding drying up, but allowing gas exchange
  • evolutions of stomata
  • waxy cuticle and sporopollenin
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9
Q

Reproduction in embryophyes, 3 structures

Note: sporophyte becomes intercalated into life cycle: delay is meiosis until after mitosis

A

Archegonia (specialised megagametangium) - produces egg
Antheridium - producing sperm
transfer cell - transfers nutrients to developing embryo (like placental cell)

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10
Q

Embryophytes - Bryophytes contain what?

A

Liverworts, mosses, hornworts

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11
Q

Characteristics of mosses

Diagram in book

A

Advanced mosses (polytrichum) have rudimentary transport systems

  • Hydrom = water/ xylem
  • leptom = photosynthate/ phloem
  • Gametophyte shoot grows from apical meristem
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12
Q

Characteristics of liverworts

Diagram in book

A

Most primative embryophytes

  • parenchymatous body
  • very thin cuticle- no root, true leaves, vascular system
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13
Q

Characterists of hornworts

A
  • antheridia and archegonia buried in gametophyte thallus
  • cell have just one chloroplast
  • symbiotic with cyanobacteria
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14
Q

Adaptive features of embryophytes

A
  • archegonia
  • thin cuticle
  • stomata (not liverworts)
  • vasscular tissue = xylem and phloem
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15
Q

All extant land plants have what type of generations?

A

Heteromorphic alternations

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16
Q

Tracheophytes are what?

A

Vascular plants

17
Q

What represents a possible intermediate between bryophytes and tracheophtes?

A

Cooksonia (late silurian - 428 mya)

18
Q

What is a tracheid?

A

In all tracheophytes - vascular plants
water conducting cells
thickened with lignin

19
Q

Evolution of sporophyte branching, 3 types

A

Dichotomus (smallest)
Pseudomonopodial (unequal)
Monopodial (biggest, even)

20
Q

What is the stele composed of ?

A

xylem and phloem

21
Q

Evolutionary trend in early tracheophytes

A 
increased branching in sporophytes
increased size of sporo
reduction in size of gametophyte
increased complexity of vascular system
evo of leaves and roots
22
Q

Evolutions of leaves
microphylls
megaphylls

A

single vascular strand no stem

branched vascular strands attached to main stem

23
Q

Selective force for the evolution of leaves

A

Reduction in CO2

24
Q

When did the first forests start?

A

359.2 mya carboniferous period

25
Q

Adaptations for increased branching/ leaf size no.

A

competition for space/ light
decreased co2 levels
more spore dispersal
avoid inbreeding

26
Q

What is the cambium/ what used for?

A

Better plumbing/ support

vascular meristem allows lateral expansion of stem

27
Q

what is transpiration for?

A

Movement of water through plant, primarily in the xylem
95% controlled by stomatal movement
trade of between water conservation and gas exchange

28
Q

Iycophytes, arthrophytes, monilophytes and progymnosperms are what

A

spore trees

See diagram in notes

Diversity of life (10 decks)

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