Exam 1 Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
How many types of cancer are there
A
200
2
Q
What areas become cancerous easily
A
Areas where cells are most frequently replaced
3
Q
What are the most common cancers
A
Skin Prostate Breast Lung Colorectal
4
Q
What specific areas are less prone to cancer
A
Muscle
Nine
Nerves
5
Q
How many cells need to be transformed to start a tumor
A
1
6
Q
What is a transformed cell and is it cancer or not cancer
A
Cell that grows and divides independently
Cancer
7
Q
Define neoplasia. Is it cancer or not?
A
A node also growth of tissue
May be cancer
8
Q
Define tumors and list the two kinds
A
Mass of tissue
Benign
Malignant
9
Q
What is oncology
A
Study of cancer
10
Q
Define metastasis
A
Spreading to distant sites
11
Q
Define carcinoma in situ
A
Cancer cells remain where they began
12
Q
What are carcinogens and give examples
A
Things that cause cancer Chemical Radiation Inheritance Viruses
13
Q
List examples of chemical carcinogens
A
Chemicals in diet, environment, occupation
Benzo(a)pyrene in cigarette smoke
14
Q
Give examples of radiation carcinogens
A
X-rays
Gamma rays
UV
15
Q
List examples of inheritance carcinogens
A
Braka gene leads to breast cancer
16
Q
List examples of viral carcinogens
A
HPV leads to cervical cancer
17
Q
Cancer accounts for what percentage of deaths
A
22%
18
Q
Cancer is the ____ over cause of death
A
2
19
Q
About how many ppl develop cancer at some point
A
42%
20
Q
What cancers are most common in men
A
Prostate
Lung
Colorectal
21
Q
What cancers are most common in women
A
Breast lung colorectal
22
Q
Which cancers cause the most deaths per year in men
A
Lung
Prostate
Colorectal
23
Q
What cause the most deaths per year in women
A
Lung
Breast
Colorectal
24
Q
What are ways to prevent cancers
A
Diet
Radiation exposure
chemical exposure
25
What are ways to protect against cancer
Diet- antioxidants, low fat, high fiber
Sunscreen
26
What are some ways to diagnose cancer
Mammogram
MRI
Liquid biopsy
27
What is a liquid biopsy and what are the pros and cons
Look for cancer cells in blood
Pros- less invasive and earlier detection
Cons- error rate
28
What are ways to treat cancer
Chemo
Radiation
Immunotherapy
29
What is the overall survival rate of cancer
75%
30
Define genes
Discrete info packets that determine traits
31
What are wild type vs mutant alleles
WT Is the most common
Mutant is the least common
32
How much of out DNA is junk
97%
33
What are polymorphisms and what can the be used for an track lineages of organisms
Subtle differences in sequences
34
What is FISH and how is it used
Fluorescent in situ hybridization Is used for gene mapping
Attach a light to a chromosome and see where they are on the two copies
35
What is a HSR
Homogeneously staining region
Duplication of genes
36
What is the charge of DNA
Negative
37
What does acetelation do
Removes the + charge to loosen his tones so proteins can get to DNA
38
What does methylation do
Turns off expression of a gene
39
What is displastic tissue
Abnormal and unorganized tissue
40
What are the types of cancer
Carcinomas
Sarcomas
Leukemia’s and lymphomas
Neuroectodermal
41
Which type of cancer is the most common
Carcinomas
42
What are the different types of carcinomas
Squamous cell
| Adenocarcinomas
43
Describe and give examples of squamous cell carcinomas
Originate in cells that seal cavities or channels
Skin, lung, esophagus
44
Describe and give examples of adenocarcinomas
Arise from secretive cells of a duct
Lung, colon, breast
45
Define and give an example of a sarcoma
Arise from connective tissue
Leiomyosarcoma
46
How common are sarcomas
1%
47
What are the similarities and differences between leukemia and lymphoma
Both arise from hematopoietic tissue
Leukemia circulates as individual cells
Lymphoma is aggregates of cells that form solid tumors
48
Describe as give examples of neuroectodermal cancers
Located in never tissue
Gliomas, glioblastomas
49
How common are neuroectodermal cancers
1.3%
50
Define hyperplastia
Excess number of cells
51
Define metaplastic
Normal cell later is displaced by another cell layer
52
Define dysplasia
Cells look abnormal
53
Define polyps
Usually made of dysplasric cells but haven’t broken through the basement membrane
54
What is the tumor progression
```
Normal tissue
Hyperplasia
Dysplasia
Neoplasia
Metastasis
```
55
Monoconal vs polyclonal tumors
Mono arise from one cell and is always the case
Poly arise from multiple cells
56
What is evidence that tumors are monocolonal
Women inactivate the same Xchromosome every time
57
What is the Warburg effect
Cancer cells rely on glycolysis
58
what does it take to be a cancer cell
```
growth signal autonomy
evasion of growth inhibitory signals
invasion and metastasis
unlimited replicative potential
angiogenesis
evasion of apoptosis
```
59
what is the Ames test
mix compound with something and see if it grows
| if does then is cancer
60
what is the relationship between mutagens and carcinogens
all mutagens are carcinogens, not all carcinogens are mutagens
61
what does it mean if something has increased mutagenicity
it takes less to be mutagenic
62
what type of virus is the Rous Sarcoma Virus and what does it do
RNA retrovirus
| able to transform cells
63
what is the difference between a RNA virus and a DNA virus
DNA viruses do not need to be incorporated with the genome, can just do straight into the nucleus
64
What does RSV affect
birds
65
what are the properties of transformed cells
```
altered morphology
loss of contact inhibition
anchorage independence
can divide indefinitely
increased transport of glucose
tumorigenicity
```
66
why are cancers not all caused be viruses
most cancers are not transmissible
we do not see clusters of cancer
can't isolate viruses from most tumors
chemical and xray exposure is linked to cancer
67
what is transfection
look at chunks of DNA in cells and see which ones lead to tumors
68
what is transfection used for
to detect nonviral oncogenes
69
what do RNA blots show
show how many copoies of RNA are being produced
70
What do DNA blots show
show gene expression
71
what are ways to go from a proto-oncogene to an oncogene
increase gene copy number
increase expression
alter encoded protein
72
what id myc and what can deregulation of it cause
its a transcription factor
| overexpression can cause excessive growth and gene amplification
73
what can lead to overexpression of myc and what is a cancer example of this
translocation
| burkitt's lymphoma
74
what are ways that receptors and ligand can lead to cancer
signaling in absence of ligand
truncated receptors
2 proteins coming together to signal different things
75
define autocrine signaling
self-signaling
76
define paracrine signaling
signaling nearby cells
77
define endocrine signaling
signaling to cells far away
78
what are cytokine receptors
don't have a kinase domain but can form associations with other kinase proteins to lead to transphophorylation
79
explain TGF-Beta receptors
binding ligand activates kinase
| phosphorylates type 2 then type 1 when it comes
80
explain notch receptors
cleaves part of the receptor to move tot he nucleus
81
what cancers are notch receptors assocaiated with
adult lukemias
82
explain patched-smoothened signaling systems
patched allows smoothened to cleave Gli and inhibit transcription
hedgehog bound to patched leads to intact gli and activates transcription
83
what cancers are patched-smoothed pathways associated with
skin cancers
84
explain frizzled receptors
Wnt not bound to frizzled leads to B-cat. degredation
| Wnt bound leads to B-cat. accumulation which promotes proliferation
85
what are integrins
cell surface receptors bound to the ECM
86
what happens if integrins are unbound from the ECM
apoptosis
87
What is Ras
oncoprotein
88
what activates and inactivates Ras
GDP inactivates
| GTP activates
