Exam 4

Question 1

What are the three classes of tumors

Answer 1

Indolent tumors

Aggressive tumors

Intermediate tumors

Question 2

Describe indolent tumors

Answer 2

Squamous cell and skin

Low invasive potential

See if it’s even worth treating

Question 3

Describe aggressive tumors

Answer 3

More likely to metastasize

Use surgery, drugs, immunotherapy

Question 4

Describe intermediate tumors

Answer 4

May or may not metastasize

Can use extraction but may not be enough

Question 5

Which class of tumor is trickier to determine how to treat

Answer 5

Intermediate

Question 6

what are the two classes of drugs

Answer 6

DNA modifying agents

antimetabolites

Question 7

what are examples of DNA modifying agents

Answer 7

alkylating agents, cross-linkers, strand breaks

Question 8

what are examples of antimetabolites

Answer 8

base analogs, topoisomerase inhibitors, microtubule inhibitors

Question 9

what are the four ways drugs act on cancer cells

Answer 9

make cancer cells differentiate

activate apoptosis

deprive cells of anti-apoptosis signals

cause mitotic catastrophe

Question 10

what is an example of making cells differentiate

Answer 10

in APL leukemia, get blast cells to differentiate into PMN neutrophil cells

Question 11

what is an example of depriving cells of anti-apoptosis signals

Answer 11

inhibit activation of Akt/PKB

Question 12

what are the ways to pick a target

Answer 12

can we mimic tumor suppressor function

enhance caretaker of DNA repair mechanisms

oncoproteins

is the target druggable

protein to protein interactions

Question 13

how many kinases do we have

Answer 13

518

Question 14

most kinases are what type

Answer 14

STKs

Question 15

what drug targets kinases and how does it work

Answer 15

Tarceva takes spot in EGF receptor kinase domain

Question 16

describe the development of drugs

Answer 16

must bind and inhibit function at low concentrations—move on to tests in cell culture—tests in lab animals—phase I—phase II— phase III

Question 17

what does drug testing in animals determine

Answer 17

pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

Question 18

what are pharmacokinetics

Answer 18

how effective it is in an organism

efficacy in vivo

does it accumulate in plasma or tissue

Question 19

what are pharmacodynamic

Answer 19

ability to inhibit target in a treated tumor

Question 20

what occurs in a phase I trial

Answer 20

measure drugs toxicity

use PK and PD values to determine the therapeutic window

Question 21

what occurs in a phase II trial

Answer 21

measure effectivity

make decisions about what types of tumors to treat and at what stage

Question 22

what occurs in phase III trials

Answer 22

look for a better response than from other available treatments

Question 23

how many drugs make it through phase III

Answer 23

1%

Question 24

Explain Gleevec and what type of cancer it works against

Answer 24

inhibits Bcr-Abl kinase activity and works against Kit and PDGF receptor

pancreatic cancer

Question 25

What are examples of EGF receptor drugs

Answer 25

Tarceva and Iressa

Question 26

How do Tarceva and Iressa work and what do they work against

Answer 26

inhibit kinase activity effective in non small cell lung tumors

Question 27

what is Velcade and what does it work against

Answer 27

proteasome inhibitor NF-kB then can't be degraded so apoptosis can occur multiple myeloma

Question 28

Explain Cyclopamine and what it fights against

Answer 28

false hellbore teratogen inhibits smoothened so Gli cannot promote proliferation basal cell carcinoma

Question 29

Exaplain Rapamycin and what it fights against

Answer 29

blocks mTOR activity and therefore Akt/PKB pathway colon cancer

Question 30

what are the plots called that we've been sing all semester

Answer 30

Kaplan-Meier plots

Question 31

what are three ways macrophages fight cancer

Answer 31

present peptides to the immune system on MHC-2 detect stress signals on cells and destroy them endocytose antigens bound to variable region of mutated cells

Question 32

what are three ways macrophages help cancer

Answer 32

produce VEGF to promote angiogenesis can degrade ECM and open up invasion past basement membrane supply EGF to cells to promote proliferation

Question 33

why do inactivating mutations lead to cancer in tumor suppressor genes but not proto-oncogenes

Answer 33

tumor suppressor genes are usually recessive so can still function with only one good copy proto-onc are usually dominant so one mutation could ruin all of its functioning

Question 34

what is a microarray

Answer 34

map of gene expression with various organs to help identify type of cancer and show over expression