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Applied Kinesiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biomechanics definition

A

uses principles of physics to study how forces interact within the living body

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2
Q

Statics definition

A

bodies at rest

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3
Q

Dynamics definition

A

bodies in motion

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4
Q

Kinematics definition

A

motion, relationship between displacement, velocity and acceleration

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5
Q

Kinetics definition

A

motion, forces that create motion

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6
Q

Center of pressure

A

center point of weight of a body

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7
Q

Forces acting on the lever=

A

vector

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8
Q

Forces on the levers are

A

magnitude, direction, point of application and line of application

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9
Q

Force=

A

mass x acceleration

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10
Q

Force units

A

newtons or pounds

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11
Q

Force equilibrium

A

when at rest, the sum of all forces equals zero

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12
Q

Newtons first law of force

A

equilibrium-Inertia: a body at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by a resultant force

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13
Q

Newtons second law of force

A

acceleration: particle subjected to a resultant force will accelerate in the direction of that force and the magnitude of acceleration will be proportional to the force magnitude.

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14
Q

Newtons third law of force

A

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

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15
Q

Types of forces

A

gravity, shear, tensile, compressive

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16
Q

Shear forces direction

A

coplanar; opposite direction

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17
Q

Tensile forces direction

A

colinear; in opposite direction

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18
Q

Compressive forces direction

A

colinear; in similar directions to push together

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19
Q

Moment or Torque

A

the application of force at a distance from the point of pivot. Causes rotation around a stationary point

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20
Q

Moment=

A

force x distance

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21
Q

Force is the one that is … to the lever.

A

perpendicular

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22
Q

Distance is the distance from the pivot point to…

A

point of force applicaiton

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23
Q

Unite of measure for a moment or torque is …

A

pound-foot or Newton-meter

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24
Q

Moment (torque) has…

A

magnitude and direction

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25
Q

No moment if force…

A

passes through the axis

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26
Q

As moment arm increases, the …

A

magnitude increases

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27
Q

How to draw a free body diagram

A

covert figure to a free body diagram
label all known elements
make necessary conversions
solve muscle force

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28
Q

Joint reaction force is the… it will be …. to the sum of the x and y vectors.

A

resultant of all the forces acting on the joint.

equal and opposite

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29
Q

Lever

A

simple machine used to increase or decrease mechanical advantage, often a rigid bar.

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30
Q

Components of levers

A

fulcrum or axis of rotation,

force, distance of force arm, resistance, distance of resistance

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31
Q

First class lever

A

fulcrum between effort and resistance

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32
Q

Second class lever

A

resistance between effort and fulcrum

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33
Q

Third class lever

A

effort between fulcrum and resistance

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34
Q

Pulleys may be used to … or … of a system.

A

change the line of pull or increase mechanical advantage

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35
Q

Pulleys may be … or ….

A

fixed or movable

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36
Q

Cams are … used to improve the mechanical advantage of a system.

A

non-uniform ellipses

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37
Q

Cams allow for … throughout ROM to match the length-tension relationship of the muscle.

A

variable resistance

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38
Q

Fixed pulley characteristics

A

axis is anchored
pulley wheel only rotates
provides change in direction of force application only
Mechanical advantage=1

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39
Q

Example of a fixed pulley in the body

A

lateral malleolus and peroneal muscles

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40
Q

Movable pulleys axis

A

is the attachment point for force but is not fixed

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41
Q

Movable pulley wheel …. and ….

A

rotates and translates

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42
Q

Movable pulleys provides a change in …

A

direction of force

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43
Q

Each movable pulley provides a mechanical advantage of …

A

2

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44
Q

1 pulley requires .. the force

A

1/2

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45
Q

2 pulley requires … the force

A

1/4

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46
Q

3 pulleys requires … the force.

A

1/6

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47
Q

Kinematics is the study of movement related to …

A

displacement, velocity and acceleration

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48
Q

Kinetics is movement in terms of ..

A

forces

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49
Q

Impulse is

A

force applied over a period of time

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50
Q

Work is

A

force applied over a distance

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51
Q

Inverse dynamics are used to determine…

A

joint forces

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52
Q

Impulse is…

A

force applied over time

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53
Q

Power is …

A

work divided by time

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54
Q

Synarthrosis joints are

A

non-synovial

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55
Q

Synarthrosis joints is a junction between

A

bones that allows for slight to essentially no movement

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56
Q

Function of synarthrosis joints

A

to bind strongly and transfer forces between bones

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57
Q

Types of Synarthrodial joints

A

fibrous, cartilaginous

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58
Q

Examples of fibrous joints

A

skull sutures, distal tibiofibular joint

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59
Q

Examples of cartilaginous joints

A

pubic symphysis, interbody joints of the spine, manubriosternal joint

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60
Q

Diarthrosis joints are

A

synovial

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61
Q

Diarthrosis joints are a junction between

A

bones that allow for moderate to extensive movement

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62
Q

Diarthrosis joints contain … and most joints in the body are diarthrodial. Function?

A

a synovial fluid-filled cavity, to provide motion and flexibility to the frame of the body

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63
Q

Components of diarthrodial joints include

A

joint capsule, synovium, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, blood vessels, sensory nerves, accessory structures

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64
Q

Mechanoreceptors that provide pain and proprioception in diarthrodial joints include:

A

Type 1- Ruffini
Type 2- Pacini
Type 3- Golgi
Type 4- Unmyelinated free nerve endings

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65
Q

Where are ruffini mechanoreceptors found?

A

in fibrous layers of capsule (flexion side), periosteum, ligaments and tendons.

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66
Q

What do ruffini mechanoreceptors do?

A

inform about stretch and are usually at extremes of extension

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67
Q

Where are Pacini mechanoreceptors found? What do they do?

A

joint capsule, most deep layers, fat pads; informs about compression or changes in joint movement

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68
Q

Where are Golgi mechanoreceptors found and what do they do?

A

Found in synovium, ligaments and tendons; informs about pressure and forceful joint motion (at extreme ranges)

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69
Q

Where are unmyelinated free nerve endings found? What do they do?

A

found in many different tissues (ligaments, tendons, capsule, periosteum); informs about pain/stress

70
Q

Diarthrodial joints can be classified as..

A

uniaxial (one degree of freedom); biaxial (two degrees of freedom); triaxial or multiaxial

71
Q

Types of uniaxial joints?

A

hinge and pivot

72
Q

Types of biaxial joints?

A

condyloid; saddle

73
Q

Triaxial or multiaxial joints can move

A

in three planes or three axes

74
Q

Types of multiaxial joints?

A

plane; spheroidal (ball and socket)

75
Q

Three terms in arthrokinematics

A

roll, glide or slide, and spin

76
Q

Convex and concave rule in arthrokinematics..

A

Roll and glide occur in opposite directions for convex on concave; same direction for concave on convex

77
Q

Connective tissue components

A

fibers, cells, ground substance

78
Q

Connective tissue fibers..

A

collagen (reticulin), elastin

79
Q

Types of collagen we will focus on

A

1,2, 9, 10, 11

80
Q

Type 1 collagen

A

skin, bone, tendon, synovium

81
Q

Type 2 collagen

A

cartilage, nucleus pulposus

82
Q

Type 9 collagen

A

hyaline cartilage, vitreous humor

83
Q

Type 10 collagen

A

growth plate cartilage

84
Q

Type 11 collagen

A

hyaline, often found with type 2

85
Q

Connective tissue cells

A

fixed, migratory

86
Q

Fixed connective tissue cells

A

fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondroblasts

87
Q

MIgratory connective tissue cells

A

lymphocytes, macrophages

88
Q

Connective tissue ground substance components

A

water, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans

89
Q

Connective tissue properties

A

stress (psi), strain (%), bending, torsion, tension, compression, shear

90
Q

Connective tissue properties

A

viscoelastic: plastic, elastic, creep, fatigue

91
Q

Viscoelastic material properties

A

time-dependent; rate-dependent; hysteresis (elastic)

92
Q

Time-dependent definition

A

longer load=greater deformation

93
Q

Rate-dependent definition

A

better resists loads applied more quickly than those applied slowly

94
Q

Hysteresis definition

A

energy dissipates due to internal friction

95
Q

Young’s Modulus

A

stiffness-how much a substance will deform in response to a force

96
Q

Cellular components of bone

A

osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, bone lining cells

97
Q

Osteoblasts

A

bone formation

98
Q

Osteoclasts

A

bone resorption; bony surface and highly mobile

99
Q

Osteocytes make up ….% of all the cells in bone.

A

90%

100
Q

Bone structure

A

cortical (compact), cancellous (spongy)

101
Q

Cortical bone is/has

A

mechanical strength; resists torsion and bending

102
Q

Cancellous bone is

A

metabolic activity and highly vascular

103
Q

Wolffs law for bone?

A

bone is laid down in areas of high stress and resorbed in areas of low stress

104
Q

What is the optimal stimulus for bone regeneration?

A

loading along the axis of the bone

105
Q

Zone 1 cartilage is

A

10-20%; superficial, water, collagen in horizontal, resists gliding/shear forces

106
Q

Zone 2 cartilage is

A

40-60%;transitional, has increased

volume, hyaluronic acid, collegen

107
Q

Zone 3 cartilage is

A

30-40%; deep, cells columnar, collagen perpendicular, tidemark

108
Q

Zone 4 cartilage is

A

zone of calcified cartilage, small # of cells

109
Q

Cartilage function

A

dissipates and disperses forces/load; minimizes friction; protects bone

110
Q

Articular cartilage is …

A

avascular

111
Q

How does cartilage receive nutrition?

A

receives nutrition through compression and decompression of joint surfaces

112
Q

Fibers of tendons

A

type 1, dense and parallel, oriented in line of tension

113
Q

Cells in tendons

A

fibroblasts, tenocytes

114
Q

Ground substance in tendons

A

H2O (60-80%); proteoglycan

115
Q

Myotendinous junction is the …

A

weakest

116
Q

Activity of tendons I, II =

III, IV=

A

physiologic; overuse

117
Q

Tendon’s functions

A

transmits muscle force to bones to move or stabilize joints, they resist tensile forces, prone to degenerative changes due to lack fo blood supply.

118
Q

Fibers in ligaments

A

Type I (less than tendons); varied arrangement, oriented in line of tension

119
Q

Cells in ligaments

A

fibroblasts

120
Q

Ground substance in ligaments

A

water; proteoglycans

121
Q

Ligament function

A

joint stabilization, provides passive guidance of joint as it moves through range of motion, provides sensory feedback through mechanoreceptors

122
Q

What is the optimal stimulus for regeneration or healing of tendons or ligaments?

A

tensile stress in the line of fiber orientation

123
Q

Skeletal Muscle types

A

fusiform

penniform

124
Q

Fusiform skeletal muscles are what direction and responsible for what?

A

parallel

velocity

125
Q

Penniform skeletal muscles are what direction and responsible for what?

A

pennate

force

126
Q

Examples of penniform muscles

A

uni-pennate lumbricals
bipennate-rectus femoris
Multipennate-glute or deltoid

127
Q

Type I muscle fibers are more common with crossing

A

one joint

128
Q

Type II muscle fibers are more common with crossing

A

two joints

129
Q

Type I muscle fibers are more concerned with… they are ….to atrophy and prone to….

A

arthrokinematics
first
weakness

130
Q

Type II muscle fibers are more concerned with ….they prone to ….and dominate with….

A

osteokinematics
tightness
fatigue

131
Q

Motor end plate

A

pocket formed around motor neuron by sarcolemma

132
Q

Neuromuscular cleft

A

short gap between motor neuron and muscle cell

133
Q

Summation

A

repeated stimulation of a muscle that leads to an increase in tension compared to a single twitch

134
Q

Tetanus

A

highest tension developed by a muscle in response to a high frequency of stimulation

135
Q

Motor unites are recruited on the basis of …

A

size principles

136
Q

… more …. units being the first to be used followed by larger and more powerful units. The order is ….

A

With smaller, more fatigue resistant

constant

137
Q

What factors influence EMG output?

A
  1. electrode size and configuration
  2. range and size of frequency content of the signal
  3. magnitude of cross-talk from nearby muscles
  4. location of electrodes relative to motor unit endplates
  5. orientation of the electrodes relative to the muscle fiber
  6. Cleanliness of skin (impedance)
138
Q

Why with eccentric contraction can you elicit greater forces at faster speeds?

A

Viscoelastic properties of muscle

139
Q

Moment arm distance influences

A

torque production

140
Q

Muscle length influences …

A

force production

141
Q

For the same muscle force production, the scenario with the …… will have the greatest torque.

A

largest moment arm

142
Q

Isotonic

A

fixed resistance, variable speed

143
Q

Isometric load… torque… speed.

A

Load: accommodative
Torque: variable
Speed: none

144
Q

Isotonic load…torque…speed..

A

Load: Constant
Torque: variable
Speed: variable

145
Q

Isokinetic load… torque… speed..

A

Load: accommodative
Torque: variable
Speed: constant

146
Q

Elastic (Isodynamic)

A

Load: variable
Torque: variable
Speed: variable

147
Q

Strength training programs can result in …. gains in strength within 3-6 months.

A

25-100%

148
Q

When immobilization is reduced what muscle fibers are affected first? Other things that happen?

A 
slow twitch;
decrease in mitochondrial volume; 
protein synthesis decrease; 
endomysium thickening; 
length variation
149
Q

MMT definition

A

a clinical procedure which manually assesses muscle strength and/or the contractility of a muscle.

150
Q

MMT can be performed on a

A

functional pattern or on a specific muscle

151
Q 
Differential diagnosing from resistance testing:
Strong and painless
Strong and painful
Weak and painless
Weak and painful
A

no lesion or neurological deficit involving the tested muscle or tendon;
minor lesion of the tested muscle or tendon;
disorder of nervous system, neuromuscular junction or a complete rupture of the tested muscle or tendon or disuse atrophy;
serious pathology or acute inflammatory process; or partial rupture; or minor muscle damage

152
Q

Indications for MMT

A 
postural asymmetry;
pain;
reported weakness/fatigue;
mechanism of injury;
difficulty with function;
prolonged disuse
153
Q

Gross testing for MMT

A

very common, assesses function of a patient

154
Q

Specific testing for MMT

A 
differential diagnosis; 
identify specific peripheral nerve lesion;
nerve root involvement;
spinal cord lesion involvement;
specific anatomical structure change
155
Q

Types of MMT

A

break testing;
active resistance testing;
functional muscle testing;
quick strength screen

156
Q

Break testing

A

manual resistance applied to test limb to break a static positional hold. Joint not actively moving through range. Most common.

157
Q

Active Resistance training

A

manual resistance applied during an actively contracting muscle or muscle group. Requires more skill from clinician.

158
Q

Function muscle testing

A

performance based

159
Q

Fixation substitution

A

muscles that normally fixate or hold a joint in place compensates for a weak msucle

160
Q

Substitution from another agonist

A

When another prime mover helps move the body part in the direction in the direction being tested

161
Q

Substitution from an antagonist

A

when an antagonist helps move the body part in the direction being tested

162
Q

Active insufficiency

A

inability of 2 joint mm to perform a concentric contraction over one joint when it is shortened over the other. Example: hamstring

163
Q

Passive Insufficiency

A

inability of 2 joint mm to lengthen over one joint when it is already lengthened over the joint. Example: rectus femoris

164
Q

Numerical score for grading vs qualitative

A

5=normal, 4=good, 3=fair, 2=poor, 1=trace, 0=no activity

165
Q

Different grading scales

A

kendalls;
Daniels and Worthingham (break testing);
ART

166
Q

MMT, if AROM is full score… and use …. test……

A

3/5;

break test or ART

167
Q

MMT, if AROM is limited check….

A

PROM

168
Q

MMT, if AROM is limited and checked PROM, if it is greater than AROM score…. if it is = to AROM use….

A

3/5;

break test

169
Q

Criteria for using ART

A

wanting to assign a + or - grade. OR you want to precisely test the strength of a muscle through the available range of motion.

170
Q

Criteria for using BT

A

PROM=AROM; want to test muscles of the cervical spine or small digits and scapula; quick screen

171
Q

What do you document from MMT?

A

type of grading system; position of patient; actual grade of muscle strength; anatomical part and the type of movement; comparison of both sides; presence of pain during testing

172
Q

When is MMT not appropriate?

A

children or infants; people with upper motor neuron lesions where significant tone is present

Applied Kinesiology (4 decks)

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