Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Animal
A
Having breath
2
Q
Diversity
A
Having different forms, multicellular, heterotroph, lack cell walls.
3
Q
Taxonomy
A
Formal naming system with hierarchical order
4
Q
Taxa
A
Organisms in the rank
5
Q
Biodiversity
A
Variety of different life forms on earth. A measure of all organisms in an area.
6
Q
Phylogeny
A
Uses organismal characteristics to classify
7
Q
Homoplasy
A
Not related, convergent evolution
8
Q
Homology
A
Common ancestry
9
Q
Cambrian through Cretaceous. COSDCPTJS.
A
Cambrian, Ordovician, Silarian, Devonion, Carboniferous, Permian, turassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous
10
Q
Monophyly
A
Most recent common ancestor and all it’s descendants
11
Q
Paraphyly
A
Most recon common ancestor and some of its descendants
12
Q
Polyphyly
A
Does not include recent common ancestors
13
Q
Protoplasmic level
A
Level of organisation relevant for unicellular eukaryotes
14
Q
Cellular level
A
Choanoflagellates, adhesion between cells
15
Q
Cell-tissue level
A
Level of organization that includes metazoans (all animals), specific cells work together for specific functions, Porifera, placozoa
16
Q
Tissue level
A
The tissue secretes are extra cellular matrix, highly coordinated unit (nerve net in cnidarians
17
Q
Organs and organ system levels
A
Level of organization where to tissues work together to form specialized functions (most complicated level)
18
Q
Animal Asymmetry
A
No plane that can be divided
19
Q
Radial symmetry
A
Similar halves like a pizza
20
Q
Biradial symmetry
A
Only two planes that can be cut evenly, organism is still radial
21
Q
Bilateral symmetry
A
Mirroring left and right halves, cephalization
22
Q
True body cavity
A
Has 3 embryonic germ layers, endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm
23
Q
Aceolomate
A
Invertebrate lacking a coelom, often worms or flatworms
24
Q
Pseudocoelomate
A
Animal will fluid filled body cavity, often flatworms
25
Eucoelomate
Animal with a body cavity that is in 2 sections(annelids, Arthropods, mollusks)
26
Diploblasts
Blind end gut, endoderm and ectoderm
27
Give key transitions
Body cavity, organism complexity, body symmetry developmental traits, true segmentation.
28
True segmentation
Only annelids, arthropods, chordates
29
Bilateral groups
Protosomes and deuterostomes.
30
Protosomes
Lophotrochozoa, and ecdysozoa.
31
Deuterstomes
All have Gill slits at some point
32
Benthic
Living at the bottom of the water
33
Pelagic
Planktonic animals, small drifters
34
Monoecious
Hermaphroditism, animal is both sexes
35
Dioecious
Animal is one sex, species has separate sexes
36
Semelparous
Species reproduces then dies
37
Oviparity
Species lays eggs
38
Oviviparity
Gives birth to live babies
39
Viviparity
Animal give birth to live babies that hatched inside them and fed of remaining yolks before being fully born.
40
Choanocytes
Flagellated collar cells for movement
41
Aquiferous system
Body is efficient aquatic filter (sponges)
42
Asconoid
Sponge canal system, only in class calcarea, choanocyte lined spongocoel
43
Syconoid
Folded inner canals of sponges, only seen in class calcarea
44
Leuconoid
Choanocyte lined chambers, larger size, no spongocoel, in all classes
45
What makes a sponge a sponge
Choanocytes, aechaeocytes
46
Archaoecytes
Totipotent amoeboid cells in mesohyl
47
Mesohyl
The gelatinous matrix within a sponge
48
Totipotent
An immature stem cell
49
Classes in phylum Porifera
Homoscleromorpha, calcarea,
| hexactinellidia. Demospongae
50
Class calcarea
Contains all three canal systems
Usually small
Spicules
51
Class homoscleromorpha
```
Spicules not distinct
Cellular distinction (pinacoderm)
```
52
Class hexactinellida
6-rayed silica spicules (glass lattice)
Syncytial body
Mostly deep sea
53
Class demospongiae
80% of sponges
Contains the only freshwater sponges
All leuconoid
Commercial bath sponge
54
Syncytial
A multinucleate cell which can result from multiple cell fusions
55
Poriferan feeding
Intercellular digestion, phagocytosis, few carnivorous species
56
Sponge asexual reproduction
Budding and dormant gemmules
57
Sexual sponge reproduction
Sperm from choanocytes, oocytes from archaocytes
58
Gemmule
Tough coated cluster of dormant embryonic cells (in sponges)
59
Oocytes
An immature egg
60
Phylum placozoa
Simplistic body, free living multicellular organism, “flat animal”
61
Cniderians
True tissue
Radial symmetry
Blind ended gut
62
Cniderian tissues
Diploblastic
Sense all around them
Have no head
Ensemble of cells that carry out specific functions
63
Cniderian endoderm
Gastrodermis
64
Cniderian ectoderm
Epidermis
65
Mesogliea
Jelly
Not cellular
Gastorvascular cavity
66
Jellyfish body forms
Polyps
| Medusae
67
Polyps
Sessile like anemones
Polymorphism
Zooids
68
Medusae
Bell shape, free swimming
69
Zooids
A single animal that is part of a continual animal (man of war jellyfish)
70
Reproduction of cniderians
Polyps, asexually, baby Medusa
| Medusae, sexually, larvae that become polyps
71
Cniderians nerves and muscles
Epithelial muscular cells
| Nerve nets
72
Cnidocyte
Cells of cniderian tentacles
73
Nematocysts
Toxins and spike cells from cnidocytes
74
Cnidocyl
Hair-like trigger cell of cnidocytes
75
Class Anthozoa
Hover like polyps
Very old
Tubular body
Anemones and corals
76
Subclass hexocorallia
6 axes of symmetry
Anemones
Stony hard corals
77
Subclass octocorallia
8-part symmetry
Soft corals
Gorgonian corals
Mostly colonial
78
Class hydrozoa
Disparate group
Freshwater cniderians
Most are colonial and polymorphism
79
Siphonophores
Man of war
80
Siphonoohores, subclass scyphozoa
True jellies
200-400 species
Dioecious
Some don’t irritate humans
81
Class cubozoa
Square shaped bells
| Rhopalia - eyes
82
Phylum Ctenophora
```
Call oblast cells
Biradial
Only marine
Largest animal to move with cilia
8 ctenes
```
83
Ctenes
Ctenophora waves of beating cilia
84
Ctenophora body forms and reproduction
Mostly free swimming on surface
Monoecious
Some undergo internal fertilization
85
Collin last
Adhesive cells on tentacles, collects food and twists into mouth
86
Ctenophora fun fact
Transient anus, gut and anal pore
87
Ctenophora colouring
Rainbow is refraction like a diamond
Blue green is bioluminescence
Some species are red
88
Why are Ctenophora voracious predators
Eat a lot, are a threat to planktonic communities
89
Bilaterians
The rest of the species we learn about
90
Bilatarians have how many germ layers
3, they are triploblast
| Endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm
91
Mesoderm determines what
The type of body cavity
92
Three types of body cavities
Aceolomate
Euceolomate
Pseudoceolomate
93
Aceolomate
No coelomate,
94
Eucelomate
With a coelom, true body cavity
95
Psuedocoelomate
Coelem is actually a fluid cavity
96
Cephalization
Head with mouth
Anterior posterior
Bilateral
All incuded in cephalization sectioning
97
Early sensory systems
Statocyst
| Ocelli
98
Ocelli
No image forming eyes
99
Statocyst
sensory vesicles with valence orientation
100
Xenoceolomorpha
Early bilatarians
101
Aceolomorphs
Marine, small, statocysts, no anus, no coelom
102
Platyhelminthes
```
(Flat worms)
Polyphyletic
Can be parasitic and not
No anus
Flame cells
Aceolomate bilateral vermiform
```
103
Vermiform
Resembling or having the form of a worm
104
Flame cells
Earliest excretory system :
Filters fluid from inside the body
Controls a somatic pressure
Removes metabolic waste
105
Protonephridia
Tube cell plus a flame cell
106
Class tubellaria
(Textbook flatworm)
Can be up to 50cm
Swim with muscles cilia and slime
Mostly free living
107
Tubullaria skin and muscle
Ciliated epidermis
Rhabdites
Dual glad adhesive organ
108
Rhabdites
Rodlike structures discharged in mucus secretions
109
Tubullaria feeding
Muscular pharynx
scavengers
Intestines can be simple or branched
110
Tubullaria nervous system
Cehpalization
Nerve plexus, latter like pattern
Auricles
Statocysts and ocelli
111
Auricles
Ear like lobes packed with chemoreceptive and tacticle cells
112
Tubullaria reproduction
Asexual
Can be but anywhere and grows a new organism
Battle of sexes
Can reproduce with itself
113
Key features of parastitic classes
1. skin
2. digestive system
3. Nervous system
4. reproduction
114
Class trematoda
(Parasitic flukes)
Has adaptions for parasitism
Over 11,000 species
Complex life cycles
115
Parasitic flukes have…
```
Difintive hosts (sexual)
Intermediate hosts (asexual)
```
116
Common digenean flukes
Liver flukes
| Blood flukes
117
Class monogenea
(One host)
On skin/gills of fish
Simple life cycle
Ectoparasitic
118
Ectoparasitic
Lives on outside of the host
119
Class cestoda
```
(Tapeworms)
Long flat bodies
Scolex
Proglettids
No digestive system
Microvilli
```
120
Scolex
Anterior with suckers and hooks
121
Proglettids
Segments of Strobila
122
Cestoda reproductive factories
Not true segmentation
Eggs out of uterine pore
Youngest at head, mature at posterior
123
Strobula
Main body
124
Phylum annelida are
Trochozonas
Worms
Greater lophotrochozoans
125
Annalids have what type of segmentation
True
126
Coelom of annalids contains
Filled with fluid and serves as a hydrostatic skeleton
127
What does phylum annalida mean
Ringed worms
128
Defining annalid features
Setae, chaetae,
129
What are satae and chaetae
Chitonous epidermal bristles
130
What are parapodia
Paddle like feet used in swimming (in annalids)
131
Sedentaria; echiuridae
Spoon worms
Spoon=flattened extensible proboscis
Secondarily segmented
Homologous annalid setae
132
Class sedentaria (annalids)
Contains some polychaetes
Tube dwelling burrowers
Echiura (spoon worm)
Pogonophora (other class of worm, polychaetes)
133
Sedentaria polychaetes have
Cilia and music us and food grooves on tentacles for food capture
Reduced parapodia
Reduced setae
Tube dwellers
134
Parapodia def
Paired muscular bristle bearing appendages used in locomotion sensation or respiration
135
Sedentaria; siboglinidae
“Beard worms”
Chitinous tubes
No mouth or digestive system
136
Sedentaria; clitellata
Synapomorphy; clitellum
No parapodia
All hermaphroditic
All direct development
137
Sendentaria; clitellum “oligochaetes”
```
Earthworm
Freshwater, marine terrestrial
Ecologically important
30000 species
Simultaneous hermaphrodites
```
138
Sedentaria; clitellata, “hirudinidae”
```
Leaches
10,000 species
Dorsovwntrically flattened
Posterior or anterior suckers
No septa (coelom is solid connective tissue)
Fixed number of segments
Blood sucking/carnivorous
```
139
Medical leeches
Hirudo medicinalis
Blood-letting
Congestion
Hirudin anticoagulant
140
(Former phylum) sipuncula
```
The peanut worm
250 species
Not segmented, no setae
Ciliated introverted feeling tentacles
Trochophore unites them with greater locotrochozoans
```
141
Annilids organization
Organ system
142
Annalid symmetry
Bilateral symmetry
143
Body cavity
Eucolomate
144
Annelid Development
Troploblast
145
Annelids true segmentation ?
Yes! True segmentation
