Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Phylum molcusca
A
Extremely diverse
Marine,freshwater, terrestrial
Most small
Octopi, squids, clams, sea snails
2
Q
Why are molluscs used by humans
A
Food Pearls Bioindicators Pests Biotechnological/ medical importance
3
Q
What makes a mollusc a mollusc
A
Visceral mass
Head-foot
4
Q
About head-foot
A
Feeding
Sense-organs
The radula
5
Q
The radula
A
Chitinous ribbon of teeth
Not in any bivalve
Odontophore cartilage holds teeth
6
Q
The foot (of head foot)
A
Locomotion, attachment
Ventral
7
Q
What is the visceral mass
A
Internal organs
Mantle and mantle cavity
8
Q
Internal organs of molluscs
A
Digestive, excretory, reproductive, respiratory
9
Q
Mantle and mantle cavity
A
Muscles have chemoreceptors
Makes the shell
Muscle cavity causes excretion
10
Q
What is the mantle
A
The skin
11
Q
What is the mantle cavity
A
Open to world, excretion, respiration, and reproduction
12
Q
Three layers of mantle and shell
A
- Periostracum (outer layer)
- Prismatic layer (calcium carbonate stack)
- Nacre (pearl layer)
13
Q
Pearls are made how
A
Many layers that form to protect molluscs from debris that has entered their shell
14
Q
Basic internal characteristics of Molluscs
A
Bilateral symmetric coelomates Mantle/cavity for respiration Most have circulatory system Complex digestive system Varied nervous system
15
Q
Reproductive systems of molluscs
A
Monoecious and dioecious Never asexual Trochophore larvae in most Veliger Larvae common Some have direct development (no larvae)
16
Q
Mollusc class caudofoveata & solengastres
A
Worm-like and shell-less
Calcareous scales/spicules
Marine detrital/microorganism -consumers-burrowers
Reduced head, no foot
17
Q
Mollusc Class monoplacophora
A
One plate
Thought to extinct
Round shell, large foot
Serial repetition of body parts
18
Q
Mollusc class polyplacophora
A
Many plates (8)
Mantle girdle around outside
Intertidal rocky arms
Serial repetition seen
19
Q
Mollusc class scaphopoda
A
Tusk shells/tooth shells Sedentary Tubular shell Tentacle foot A lot of diffusion in mantle cavity
20
Q
Mollusc class Gastropoda
A
Stomach foot
Snail periwinkles limpets sea slugs
Marine freshwater terrestrial
Coiled shell, domed shell, no shell
21
Q
Main groups of Gastropods
A
Prosobranchia (marine snails)
Opisthobranchia
Pulmonata (land and freshwater snails)
22
Q
Torsion
A
180 degree rotation of mantle/ mantle cavity
23
Q
Coiling
A
Whirling of the shell
24
Q
How does torsion and coiling work
A
Both happen in the embryonic shell
Coiling solves problems from torsion
They are 2 evolutionary events
25
Feeding and ecology of Gastropoda
All feed with some adaptation of radula
Scraping, drilling, piercing
Even more important photosynthetic endosymbiosis
26
Love darts and slug orgies
Simultaneous hermaphrodites
Eversible penises, simultaneous sperm transfers
Copulatory organs are close to head of slug
27
What is a love dart
A premature lover booster that is like a sperm dart
28
Bivalves
```
No head, no radula
Laterally compressed shells
Creates bolus
Uses foot to burrow
Some bivalves are not sedentary
Some sessile
```
29
Where does the bivalves shell start growing
The umbo
30
What do bivalves have for feeding and respiration
Gills
31
Mollusc class cephalopoda
```
Exclusively marine
Predator
Squids octopuses
Cuttlefish
Nautiluses
```
32
Shells of nautilds
Large shell
33
Shells of cuttlefish
Internal shell
34
Squid
Proteinaceous pen shell
35
Shells of the octopus
No shell at all
36
Locomotion of cephalopods
Fins and arms for jet repulsion
37
Basic body of cephalopods
Most have one pair of gills
8 arms
Closed circulatory system
Incredible nervous system
38
Aspects of cephalopods nervous system
Huge vision centre in brain
Large, lenses eyes
Innovation of arms
39
Cephalopods camouflage and ink
- 4 cell types
| - ink sack made form melanin and mucus (out of rectum)
40
Reproduction of cephalopods
```
Dioecious
Mating rituals
Copulation
Direct development(no larvae)
All but a couple species die after giving birth
```
41
Mollusc organization
Organ system
42
Mollusc symmetry
Bilateral
43
Mollusc body cavity
Eucoelomate
44
Mollusc development
Triploblasts
| Protosomes lochotrophozoa
45
Mollusc segmentation
No
46
Platyzoa, phylum Rotifera (wheel bearers)
Most smaller then 1mm
2000 + species
Ciliated crowns : corona
Pumping pharynx : mastax
47
Rotifera body forms
Floating planktonic: globular
Swimmers/creepers: worm-like
Sessile: vase-like
Colonial
48
Platyzoa, phylum Acanthocephala (spine-head)
-Defining feature = retractable introverted spiny Proboscus
-all parasitic in vertebrate intestines
Intermediate host is crustaceans
-Absorb nutrients though epidermis
-also dioecious
49
True loohophorates
Lophophore
50
Lophophore def.
Crown of cilia covered tentacles
- part of coelom
- for feeding and respiration
- ectoprocta, branchopoda, phoronida
51
Platyzoa, phylum ectoprocta (anus outside, also called Bryozoa)
```
4000 species
Most colonial (zooids) in Zoecium
Fossil record since Ordovician
Invasive and fouling
Medical components
-cancer fighting
```
52
Platyzoa, phylum nemertea (ribbon or proboscis worms)
1300 species
60m in length
Mostly carnivorous
53
Phylum Nemertea reproduction
Asexual and sexual
54
What is phylum nemertea known for
Proboscis in Rhychocoel cavity
55
Coelem
Mesoderm cavity
56
Rotifera and acanthocephala organization
Organ system
57
Rotifera and acanthocephala symmetry
Bilateral
58
Rotifera and acanthocephala body cavity
Pseudocoelomate
59
Rotifera and acanthocephala development
Triploblast, protosomes, lochotrophozoa
60
Rotifera and acanthocephala segmentation
No
61
Bryozoa (ectoproctal) organization
Organ system
62
Bryozoa (ectoproctal) symmetry
Bilateral
63
Bryozoa (ectoproctal) body cavity
Eucoelomate
64
Bryozoa (ectoproctal) development
Triploblasts, protosomes, lochotrophozoa
65
Bryozoa (ectoproctal) segmentation
No
66
Nemertea organization
Organ system
67
Nemertea symmetry
Bilateral
68
Nemertea body cavity
Eucoelomate
69
Nemertea development
Triploblast, protosomes, lochotrophozoa
70
Nemertea segmentation
No
71
Ecdysozoans
Calassified based on mooring cuticle
No locomotory cilia
Exoskeleton of collagen or chiton
72
What is ecdysis?
Molting
73
What does ecdysis mean directly
To take or strip off
74
Ecdysis, main steps
Apolysis
Formation of new cuticle
Degradation of old cuticle
Breaking free of hardened cuticle
75
Apolysis def.
Separation of old cuticle from epidermis
76
Ecdysozoan, phylum nematoda
```
Some are extremophiles
80% of life on earth
Free-living and parasitic
Pseudocoelomate
Collagenous cuticle
```
77
How many times do nematodes molt to mature
4
78
Nematode body plan
Tube-within a tube
Prominent reproductive systems
Muscular pharynx
Model species (genome sequenced)
79
Nematode parasites
```
Ecto and endo-parasites
- plants and animals
Cuticle = defence
Adapted mouth parts
Large reproduction babies
```
80
Examples of nematode parasites
Intestinal roundworm
Hook worms
Filarial worms
Pin worms
81
Most common nematode parasites
Pin worms
82
About pin worms
Can be breathed in
| Eggs are layed in anus
83
Ecdysozoan, phylum nematomorpha
Horsehair worm
Up to 1cm long
320 species
Semi-parasitic
84
Nematode/nematomorpha organization
Organ system
85
Nematode/nematomorpha symmetry
Bilateral
86
Nematode/nematomorpha body cavity
Pseudocoelomates
87
Nematode/nematomorpha
| Development
Triploblasts, protosomes ecdysozoa
88
Nematode/nematomorpha segmentation
No
89
Panarthropoda
Includes Arthropoda, tardigrada, onychophora
- hemocoels
- Ventrolateral appendages
90
Ecdysozoan, phylum onychophora
```
Velvet worms
70 species
Tropical and subtropical
Soft cuticle
Unjointed legs
```
91
Ecdysozoan, phylum tardigrada
```
Water bears
900 species
Basically invinsable
8 unjointed legs
Sucking pharynx
Cryptobiosis
```
92
Tradigrada and octchophora organization
Organ system
93
Tradigrada and octchophora symmetry
Bilateral
94
Tradigrada and octchophora body cavity
Eucoelomate
95
Tradigrada and octchophora development
Triploblastic, protosomes, ecdysozoan
96
Tradigrada and octchophora segmentation
No
97
Ecdysozoan, phylum Arthropoda (joint foot)
80% of species (named animals)
Marine, freshwater, terrestrial
Chitin exoskeleton
Segmented bodies, Jointed limbs
98
Why is phylum Arthropoda so diverse
1. exoskeleton
2. segmentation and appendages
3. Respiration - metabolism
4. Sense organs (impressive)
5. Complex behaviour
6. Metamorphosis (more niches available)
99
Arthropod skeleton, segments and appendages
Groups of segments called tagmata (tagma), that work together for a common function
-head, thorax, abdomen
100
(Arthropoda) Subphylum Chelicerata are…
```
Horseshoe crabs
Spiders
Ticks
Scorpions
Sea spiders
```
101
Subphylum chelicerata have…
Two Tegma; cephalothorax and abdomen
Appendages: chelicerae and pedipalps and four pairs of walking appendages
-no mandible or antennae
102
(Arthropod) Subphylum muriapoda have…
One pair of antennae
Mandibles
Head and trunk
103
(Arthropod) subphylum myriapoda are…
Centipedes and millipedes
104
(Arthropoda) subphylum Crustacea
70,000 species
Mostly marine, some freshwater and terrestrial
Only Arthropods with 2 pairs of antennae
2 pairs of maxillae
Biramous appendages
105
Crustacean body plan
Carapace
| Head, thorax, abdomen
106
Carapace
Cover head and thoracic segments
107
Head is for
Feeding and sensory
108
Thorax is for
Locomotion and respiration
109
Abdomen
Locomotion and reproduction
110
Crustacean internal form and function
Open circulatory system
Hills attached to appendages
Excretory/osmoregulation through antennal glands
111
About open circulatory system
Pumping heart
| Limbs help move hemolymth around
112
Crustaceans improved sensory system
Advanced nervous system
| Median eyes and compound eyes
113
About median eyes and compound eyes
- Similar to insects
- Good at detecting motion and polarized light
- statocyst, tactile hairs
- chemosensory, smell and taste
114
Crustacean reproduction
Most dioecious and internal fertilization
Most brood eggs
Larval stages
115
Crustacean feeding
Maxipods
Maxillae and mandibles
Claws and walking legs
116
Types of crustacean feeders
```
Predators
Scavengers
Deposit feeders
Filter feeders
Parasites
```
117
Maxipods
Hold/manipulat food
118
Maxillae and mandibles
Shred and place food into mouth
119
Claws and walking legs
Food capture
120
Crustacean ecological importance
Plankton- filter feeders
Mutualistic relationships- cleaner shrimp
Parasitic
Foods :(
121
Classes of crustaceans
Ostrapods
Brachiopods
Maxillopoda
Mallocostraca
122
I’m class maxillopoda
Copepods
| Barnacles
123
Ostrapods
Bivalves carapace
124
Branchipods
Legs for suspension feeding
125
Copepods
No carapace
No legs on abdomen
Nautilus eyes
126
Branicles
Calarious shells and sessile
Longest animal penis to body ratio
Log thoracic legs
127
Class Malocostraca
Isopoda
Amphipods
Euphausicea
Decapoda
128
Isopods
Dorsoventrically flattened
Includes terrestrial species
Potato bugs
129
Amphipods (class malocostraca)
Laterally flattened
130
Euphausica (class malocostraca)
Krill
131
Decapoda (class malocostraca)
Crabs
Lobster
Shrimp
First leg is modified claw
132
(Crustacean) Subphylum hexapoda
6 legs
Uniramous appendages
3 tegma, head thorax abdomen
3/4 of all animals on earth
133
Class insecta (subphylum hexapoda)
1 million names species
Found in every habitat
All sorts of feeding types
134
Insects - how and why
```
Flight
Small size
Exoskeleton
Appendages
Life cycle - metamorphosis
```
135
What makes an insect an insect
Head, thorax, abdomen
3 pairs of legs and usually 2 pairs of wings on thorax
Pair of compound eyes, 3 ocilli, one pair of antennae
Mandible and outer mouthparts
136
Insect mouths
Mouth part specialized for feeding behaviour
137
Insect parasites and parasatoids
Parasites often kill host
Insects can feed off other insects
Bot flies
138
Insect wings
Cuticular extensions on thorax (must have two pairs)
| No wings: lice, bed bugs, fleas, thysanurans
139
Types of insect wings
```
Dipterans- 2 wings
Thin and membranous - common
Thick - fore wings and beetles
Scaley - butterflies and moths
Parchment-like — grasshoppers
```
140
Insect flight
Direct flight muscles attached to wings
Indirect flight muscles alter shape of thorax to cause wing movement
Figure 8 movement moves insects forward
141
Insecta respiration/circulation
- tubular heart
- tracheal system
- spirale to trachea to trecheole
142
Insects reproduction
Generally separate sexes
Internal egg fertilization
Mate selection
Females lay eggs after fertilization
143
Insect development
All molt between life stage
88% undergo holometabolis
Few undergo hemimetabolis
Few undergo direct development
144
Holometabolis
Complete metamorphosis:
| Egg, larvae, pupa, adult
145
Hemimetabolis
Incomplete metamorphosis:
| Egg, nymph, adult
146
Direct development
No body modification except size and sexual maturity (no shedding)
147
Insect social behaviour
Eusociality
148
Eusociality
True social behaviour
149
Three requirements for eusociality
- reproductive division of labor
- over lapping generations
- cooperative care of young
150
Insects subphylum that have true social behaviour
Hymenoptera (bees and ants) and Isoptera (termites)
151
Arthropoda organization
Organ system
152
Arthropoda symmetry
Bilateral
153
Arthropoda body cavity
Euceolomate
154
Arthropoda development
Triploblasts, ecdysozoan (protosomes)
155
All Deutersomes are…
Triploblastic
156
Where was xenoceolomorpha and where is it now
Was a deutersomes now is under just bilatera next to protosomes and deutersomes
157
Duetersomes embryogenesis
1. Radial cleavage - before blastula
2. Regulate embryo
3. Blastopore become anus and not head like in protosomes
4. Coelom formed by out pocketing
158
Main characteristic of deutersomes
Gill slits in some point in their life or history
159
Deuterosome phyla
Ambalacraria
-enchidodermata
-hemichordata
Chordata
160
Phylum enchidodermata unique characteristics
```
Spiney skin
Exclusively marine, mostly benthic
7000 + species
5 classes
Lack cephalization
```
161
5 unique enchidodermara characteristics
1. Calcarious endoskeleton
2. Water vascular system
3. Pedicellaraie
4. Dermal branchaie
5. Pentaradial symmetry in adults
162
Enchidodermata endoskeleton
Mesodermal endoskeleton
Ossicles (calcareous plates)
Part of unique coelom called stereom
163
Enchidodermata Water vascular system
Hydraulic system
-tube feet
Functions: respiration, excretion, locomotion and feeding
164
Water vascular system series of canals from top to bottom
```
Madreporite
Stone canal
Ring canal
Radial canal
Ampullae
Podia (tube feet)
```
165
Enchidodermata pedicilleraie
On aboral surface
| Cleaning, food capture, defence
166
Enchidodermata papulae (dermal branchiae)
Also called skin gills
| Projections of thin walled coelom
167
Pentaradial symmetric (enchidodermata)
From a bilateral ancestor
Mouth side = oral
Opposite mouth = aboral
