Exam 1

Question 1

Motion which occurs in a more or less straight line from one location to another. All parts of the object move the same distance, in the same direction, and at the same time.

Answer 1

Linear Motion

Question 2

Type of linear motion which occurs in a straight line, such as the motion of a child sledding down a hill, or a sailboarder moving across the water.

Answer 2

Rectilinear Motion

Question 3

Type of linear motion which occurs in a curved path that is not necessarily circular, such as the path a diver takes after leaving the diving board until entering the water.

Answer 3

Curvilinear Motion

Question 4

Motion which occurs when an object moves around a fixed point, such as human joint which move around an axis.

Answer 4

Angular Motion

Question 5

Forces causing movement

Answer 5

Kinetics

Question 6

Time, space, and mass aspects of a moving system, describing POSITIONS AND MOTIONS of the body

Answer 6

Kinematics

Question 7

The anatomical position is considered 0 degrees for all joints in goniometry except for which body part/s

Answer 7

The forearms

Question 8

What position describes the entire body at 0 degrees in goniometry

Answer 8

The Fundamental Position

Question 9

In descriptive positional terms, what word means “both sides of the body”

Answer 9

Bilateral

Question 10

In descriptive positional terms, what word means “same side of the body as…”

Answer 10

Ipsilateral

Question 11

In descriptive positional terms, what word means “opposite side of the body as…”

Answer 11

Contralateral

Question 12

Type of joint motion which means the joint is bi-planar and bi-axial (the joint can flex/extend AND abd/add)

Answer 12

Circumduction

Question 13

Define Center of Gravity

Answer 13

It is the intersection of the 3 cardinal planes

Question 14

What type of bone makes up the hard, dense outer layer of all bones

Answer 14

Compact Bone

Question 15

What type of bone makes up the porous spongy inside portion made up of thin columns and plates called the trabeculae

Answer 15

Cancellous Bone

Question 16

Cartlaginous material in long bones where longitudinal growth occurs through the manufacturing of new bone

Answer 16

Epyphiseal Plate

Question 17

What is the purpose of sesamoid bones

Answer 17

They protect tendons from excess wear. The patella has the additional function of increasing the angle of pull of the quadraceps muscle

Question 18

What type of bone markings are Foramen, Fossa, Groove, Meatus, and Sinus categorized under

Answer 18

Depressions and Openings

Question 19

What type of bone markings are Condyle, Eminence, Facet, and Head categorized under

Answer 19

Projections and Processes That Fit Into Joints

Question 20

What type of bone markings are Crest, Epicondyle, Line, Spine, Tubercle, Tuberosity, and Trochanter categorized under

Answer 20

Projections and Processes That Attach Connective Tissue

Question 21

What is the name of the membrane that lines the medullary canal

Answer 21

Endosteum

Question 22

The main shaft of bone is called what

Answer 22

Diaphysis

Question 23

What are the 2 types of epiphyses found in children

Answer 23

Pressure and Traction

Question 24

Type of epiphyses located at the end of long bones in children, where they receive pressure from the opposing bone making up that joint, and where growth of long bone occurs

Answer 24

Pressure Epiphyses

Question 25

Type of epiphyses located wear tendons attach to bone in children and are subjected to a pulling, or traction force

Answer 25

Traction Epiphyses

Question 26

What are the 3 types of joint structures

Answer 26

- Synarthrosis/Fibrous - Amphiarthrosis/Cartlaginous - Diarthrosis/Synovial (Capsule)

Question 27

What are the 2 shapes of joints

Answer 27

- Ovoid/Condyloid (one side concave, one side convex) | - Sellar (Both sides have concave and convex surfaces)

Question 28

What are the key characteristics of a diarthrosis/synovial joint

Answer 28

- A capsule - Synovial membrane (lines capsule) - Synovial fluid - Articular cartilage

Question 29

What type of joint structure connects bone to muscle

Answer 29

Tendon

Question 30

What type of joint structure pads and protects areas of great friction

Answer 30

Bursa

Question 31

What are the two joint terms that could be used to describe the symphysis pubis

Answer 31

Amphiarthrosis/Cartilaginous

Question 32

What join structure surrounds and encases the joint and protects the articular surfaces

Answer 32

Joint Capsule

Question 33

Joint Accessory Motion or Arthrokinematic motion which happens when bewteen joint surfaces when the connected bones are moved passively

Answer 33

Joint Play

Question 34

When joint surfaces have maximum contact with each other, are tightly compressed, and are difficult to distract (separate)

Answer 34

Close-packed or Congruent

Question 35

Name and describe the joint motions

Answer 35

Traction: bones of the joint are pulled apart Compression: bones of the joint are pushed together Shearing: bones of the joint glide across each other

Question 36

Name and desccribe the different types of Diarthrodial/Synovial Joints

Answer 36

Plane: Nonaxial, Gliding motion. Ex. Carpals Hinge: Uniaxial, Flex/Ext. Ex. Elbow, Knee, PIP, DIP Pivot: Uniaxial, Rotate. Ex. Radius/Ulna, Axis/Atlas Condyloid: Biaxial, Flex/Ext, Abd/Add. Ex. Wrist, MCPs Saddle: Biaxial, Flex/Ext, Abd/Add. Ex. First MCP Ball and Socket: Triaxial, Flex/Ext, Abd/Add, Rotate. Ex. Shoulder, Hip

Question 37

Joint surfaces pull apart from one another

Answer 37

Traction Force causes Joint Distraction

Question 38

Joint surfaces are pushed closer together

Answer 38

Compression Force causes Joint Approximation

Question 39

Joint surface action of GH Abduction

Answer 39

Shearing Force causes Gliding Motion

Question 40

Joint surface action caused when an other than vertical force causes compression on the concave side and distraction on the convex side

Answer 40

Bending

Question 41

Joint twisting motion

Answer 41

Torsion

Question 42

Deals with forces CAUSING movement in a system | -Pushing, pulling forces: Gravity and Torque

Answer 42

Kinetics

Question 43

Deals with forces involved in time, space, and mass aspects of a moving system - osteokinematics - arthrokinematics

Answer 43

Kinematics

Question 44

Type of force which describes magnitude - Length, area, volume, and weight - Ex. 5 feet, 2 acres, 12 ounces, and 150 pounds

Answer 44

Scalar Force

Question 45

Typr of force which describes both magnitude and direction - Ex. person pulling a rope - tenson on rope = magnitude - direction of rope = direction of vector

Answer 45

Vector Force

Question 46

Tendency of force to produce rotation about an axis

Answer 46

Torque

Question 47

Force developed by two surfaces | -tends to prevent motion of one surface across another

Answer 47

Friction

Question 48

An object at rest tends to stay at rest, and an object in motion tends to stay in motion

Answer 48

Newton's 1st Law of Motion: Law of Inertia

Question 49

The amount of acceleration depends on the strength of the force applied to an object

Answer 49

Newton's 2nd Law of Motion: Law of Acceleration

Question 50

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Answer 50

Newton's 3rd Law of Motion: Law of Action/Reaction

Question 51

When two or more forces are acting along the same line or plane

Answer 51

Linear Force

Question 52

When two forces occur in the same plane and direction with a counter force in the middle but in the opposite direction

Answer 52

Parallel Force

Question 53

Net effect of two divergent forces | -Ex. of one person pulling on the south end of a box and the other person pulling on the east end of the same box

Answer 53

Resultant Force

Question 54

When an object is in a position that to disturb it would require its center of gravity to be raised

Answer 54

Stable

Question 55

When only a slight force is needed to disturb an object

Answer 55

Unstable

Question 56

When an object's center of gravity is neither raised nor lowered when it is disturbed

Answer 56

Neutral

Question 57

Tip to remembering lever classes

Answer 57

1-2-3 = A-R-F - A = Axis - R = Resistance - F = Force

Question 58

Describe a First Class Lever

Answer 58

- Axis is between the resistance and the force - Designed for balance - Ex. Head sitting on C1 - Axis = C1 - Resistance = Weight of head pulling forward - Force = Muscles in neck holding head up

Question 59

Describe a Second Class Lever

Answer 59

- Resistance between the axis and force - Designed for power - Ex. action of the plantar flexors when on tiptoes - Axis = MTPs in the foot - Resistance = body weight in mid foot - Force = plantar flexor muscles

Question 60

Describe a Third Class Lever

Answer 60

- Force between the axis and resistance - Designed for ROM - Ex. Elbow flexion - Axis = elbow joint - Resistance = weight of forearm and hand - Force = Biceps insertion in proximal radius, distal to the elbow joint

Question 61

Relationship between the force arm and the resistance arm

Answer 61

Mechanical Advantage

Question 62

What is the formula for Mechanical Advantage

Answer 62

Mechanical Advantage = Force Arm/Resistance Arm