Final Exam Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
Term for when the human body is standing in an upright position, eyes facing forward, feet parallel and close together, and arms at the sides of the body with the palms facing forward
A
Anatomical Position
2
Q
Term for the same position as the anatomical position, except the palms are facing the person’s body
A
Fundamental Position
3
Q
This term refers to a location or position toward the midline
A
Medial
4
Q
This term refers to a location or position farther from the midline
A
Lateral
5
Q
This term refers to the front of the body or to a position closer to the front
A
Anterior
6
Q
This term refers to the back of the body or to a position more toward the back
A
Posterior
7
Q
This term is synonymous with anterior; belly side
A
Ventral
8
Q
This term is synonymous with posterior; back side
A
Dorsal
9
Q
This term means away from the trunk when refering to extremities
A
Distal
10
Q
This term means toward the trunk when refering to extremities
A
Proximal
11
Q
This term is used to indicate the location of a body part that is above another or to refer to the upper surface of an organ or a structure
A
Superior
12
Q
This term indicates that a body part is below another or refers to the lower surface of an organ or a structure
A
Inferior
13
Q
This term is sometimes used to refer to a position or structure close to the head or a person or animal
A
Cranial
14
Q
This term is sometimes used to refer to a position or structrure close to the feet or the tail of an animal
A
Caudal
15
Q
This term is used to indicate the location of a body part that is toward the outside of the body
A
Superficial
16
Q
This term is used to indicate the location of a body part that is toward the inside of the body
A
Deep
17
Q
Position of a person when they are lying on their back
A
Supine
18
Q
Position of a person when they are lying on their belly
A
Prone
19
Q
Term which refers to two, or both sides of the body
A
Bilateral
20
Q
Term which refers to the opposite side of the body
A
Contralateral
21
Q
Term which refers to the same side of the body
A
Ipsilateral
22
Q
A muscle or muscle group that causes the motion
A
Agonist
23
Q
A muscle that performs the opposite motion of the agonist
A
Antagonist
24
Q
Which type of joint motion deals with the relationship of the movement of bones around a joint axis? E.g. Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction
A
Osteokinematics
25
Which type of joint motion deals with the relationship of joint surface movement? E.g. Roll, Glide, Spin
Arthrokinematics
26
What are the joint motions of the shoulder girdle?
- elevation
- depression
- protraction
- retraction
- upward rotation
- downward rotation
27
What are the joint motions of the shoulder joint?
- Flexion/Extension
- Abduction/Adduction
- Medial/Lateral Rotation
- Horizontal Abduction/Adduction
- Scaption
28
What are the joint motions of the elbow joint?
Flexion and Extension
29
What are the joint motions of the wrist joint?
- Flexion/Extension
| - Ulnar/Radial Deviation
30
What are the joint motions of the hand?
- Flexion/Extension of all digit joints
- Abduction/Adduction of 1st CMC & MCPs 2-5
- Opposition at 1st CMC
31
What are the joint motions of the spine and at which area of the spine do these motions occur?
- Flexion/Extension at the C & L Spine
- Lateral Bending at the C & T Spine
- Rotation at the C & T Spine
32
At which point of the spine does the head nod yes?
The articulation between the head and C1 (Atlas), AKA the Atlantooccipital (AO) Joint
33
At which point of the spine does the head shake no?
The articulation between C1 and C2 (Axis), AKA the Atlantoaxial (AA) Joint
34
What joint motions are being performed during forward head posture?
The head extends on C1 and C2-7 are flexed
35
What are the joint motions of the hip joint?
- Flexion/Extension
- Abduction/Adduction
- Internal/External Rotation
36
What are the joint motions of the knee joint?
Flexion and Extension
37
What are the joint motions of the ankle joint?
- Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion
- Inversion/Eversion
- Abduction/Adduction
38
What are the joint motions of the toes?
- Flexion/Extension
| - Abduction/Adduction
39
This type of motion occurs in a more or less straight line from one location to another. All parts of the object move the same distance, in the same direction, and at the same time.
Linear Motion
40
This type of motion occurs in a straight line, such as the motion of a child sledding down a hill or a sailboarder moving across the water.
Rectilinear Motion
41
This type of motion occurs in a curved path that is not necessarily circular, such as the path a diver takes after leaving the diving board until entering the water.
Curvilinear Motion
42
This type of motion occurs when an object moves around a fixed point.
Angular Motion
43
What connects muscles to bone, and what shapes can it take?
- Tendon
| - Cylindrical cord or flat band
44
What are bands of fibrous tissue which connect bone to bone and prevent excessive joint motion.
Ligaments
45
What are small, padlike sacs found around most joints and in areas of excessive friction, such as between tendons and bony prominences. They are lined with synovial membrane and filled with a clear fluid to reduce friction between moving parts.
Bursae
46
What types of tissue make up bone?
- Fibrous
- Cartlaginous
- Osseous
- Nervous
- Vascular
47
What makes up the hard, dense outer layer of all bones?
Compact bone
48
What makes up the porous and spongy inside portion of bone made up of thin columns and plates called the trabeculae?
Cancellous bone
49
What is the area at each end of a long bone which tends to be wider than the shaft and is osseous in adult bones?
Epiphysis
50
In growing bone, the epiphysis is cartilaginous material called the...
Epiphyseal Plate
51
Where does longitudinal growth occur in long bones due to the manufacturing of new bone?
Epiphyseal Plate
52
What is the main shaft of a long bone called?
The Diaphysis
53
What is the hollow center of the shaft of a long bone called?
The Medullary Canal
54
What lines the medullary canal and is responsible for bone resorption?
Endosteum
55
What are the different types of bones?
- Long Bones
- Short Bones
- Flat Bones
- Irregular Bones
- Sesamoid Bone
56
Which law states that "Load intermittently applied to bone stimulates growth"
Wolff's Law (use or lose law)
57
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
- Support for soft tissues
- Movement
- Protects vital organs
- Mineral storage
- Production of blood cells
- Provide shape
58
What are the 3 structures of joints?
- Fibrous/Synarthrosis
- Cartilaginous/Amphiarthrosis
- Synovial/Diarthrosis
59
What are the 2 shapes of joints
- Ovoid/Condyloid: 1 side concave & 1 side convex
| - Sellar: Both sides have a concave and convex surfaces
60
What are some examples of Cartilaginous (Amphiarthrodial) Joints?
Symphysis Pubis or Intervertebral Joints
61
What are the components of a Synovial Joint?
- Capsule
- Synovial Membrane
- Synovial Fluid
- Articular Cartilage
62
What is the Concave-Convex Rule?
- If a Convex surface is moving on a Concave surface, the arthrokinematic motion is opposite to the osteokinematic motion
- If a Concave surface is moving on a Convex surface, the arthrokinematic motion is the same as the osteokinematic motion
63
What are the 3 types of Arthrokinematic Motion?
Roll, Glide, and Spin
64
What is the term used to describe how well joint surfaces match or fit?
Joint Congruency
65
What is the term used to describe when two joint surfaces have maximum contact with each other, are tightly compressed, and are difficult to distract.
Close-packed position
66
Is the patellofemoral joint in the close or open-packed position when fully flexed?
Close-packed
67
Is the ankle in close or open-packed position when it is dorsiflexed?
Close-packed
68
Is the patellofemoral joint in the close or open-packed position when it is fully extended?
Open-packed
69
Is the elbow joint in close or open-packed position when it is fully flexed?
Open-packed
70
Is the hip in close or open-packed when it is extended?
Close-packed
71
Is the elbow in close or open-packed when it is extended?
Close-packed
72
What is the term used to describe when two joint surfaces are incongruent so that further passive separation of the joint surfaces may occur in this position?
Open-packed position
73
What are the 3 plantar arches?
- Medial Longitudinal Arch
- Lateral Longitudinal Arch
- Transverse Arch
74
What does the Medial Longitudinal Arch connect to and what is its keystone?
It runs from the anterior surface of the calcaneous through the talus, navicular, and 3 cuneiforms, to the 1st 3 metatarsals. The talus is the keystone.
75
What does the Lateral Longitudinal Arch connect to.
It runs from the anterior surface of the calcaneous, through the cuboid, to the 4th and 5th metatarsals
76
What does the Transverse Arch connect to and what is its keystone?
It runs from side to side from the cuboid through the 3 cuneiforms. The second cuneiform is its keystone
77
What are the 3 arches of the palm?
- Proximal Carpal Arch
- Distal Carpal Arch
- Longitudinal Arch
78
What forms the Proximal Carpal arch and what is it maintained by?
- It is formed by the proximal ends of the metacarpals and carpal bones
- It is maintained by the Flexor Retinaculum
79
What forms the Distal Carpal arch?
The Metacarpal heads
80
Which direction does the Longitudinal arch run?
Perpendicular to the proximal and distal carpal arches. It begins at the wrist and runs the length of the phalanges for each digit.
81
What do the palmar arches contribute to functionally?
The different types of grasps
82
Type of contraction in which the length of the muscle does not change
Isometric Contraction
83
Type of contraction in which the muscle shortens
Concentric Contraction
84
Type of contraction in which the muscle lengthens
Eccentric Contraction
85
Type of contraction in which the speed of the motion stays the same for the duration of the contraction
Isokinetic Contraction
86
Type of contraction in which the tension stays the same but the length of the muscle changes. Can be concentric or eccentric.
Isotonic Contraction
87
Type of contraction which happens when the antagonist muscle contracts at the same time as the agonist muscle.
Cocontraction
88
What is a muscle or muscle group called that supports, or makes firm, a part allowing the agonist to work more efficiently.
A Stabilizer
89
Which law states that, "An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion"?
Newton's 1st Law of Motion: Law of Inertia
90
Which law states that, "The amount of acceleration depends on the strength of the force applied to an object"?
Newton's 2nd Law of Motion: Law of Acceleration
91
Which law states that, "For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction"?
Newton's 3rd Law of Motion: Law of Action-Reaction
92
What is the term used to describe the direction of motion when two different forces are acting in two different directions, but on a common point?
The Resultant Force
93
What is the term used to describe the motion which occurs when two or more forces act in different directions, resulting in a turning effect?
A Force Couple
94
What is the term used to describe the amount of force needed by a muscle contraction to cause rotary joint motion?
Torque (AKA Moment of Force)
95
A muscle is most efficient at moving a joint when the joint is in what position?
90 Deg
96
What is the balance point of an object at which torque on all sides is equal. It is also the point at which the planes of the body intersect.
Center of Gravity
97
Where is the COG located at in the human body?
The midline and anterior to the second sacral segment
98
In regard to levers; what is the distance between the force and the axis called?
The Force Arm (FA)
99
In regard to levers; what is the distance between the resistance and the axis called?
The Resistance Arm (RA)
100
What happens if the FA > RA
- It is easier to move the weight
- 2nd Class Lever
- Mechanical Advantage >1
101
What happens if the RA > FA
- It is harder to move the weight
- 3rd Class Lever
- Mechanical Advantage <1
102
What is a 1st class lever used for?
Balance
103
What is a 2nd class lever used for?
Power
104
What is a 3rd class lever used for?
ROM
105
What is the number of times a machine multiplies the force?
The Mechanical Advantage
106
What is the formula for Mechanical Advantage?
MA= FA/RA
107
What makes an exercise open-chained?
When the distal segment of the joint is free to move or the insertion of the muscle moves toward the origin
108
What is the benefit to open-chained therex?
Can isolate and strengthen one muscle
109
What makes an exercise close-chained?
When the distal segment of the joint is fixed or the origin moves toward the insertion (reversal of muscle action)
110
What is the benefit to close-chained therex?
More functional, because it often requires use of supporting muscles
111
What is the term to describe the movement relationship between the shoulder girdle and shoulder joint?
Scapulohumeral Rhythm
112
How far can the GH joint move before the scapula starts to move with it?
30 Deg
113
What is the scaplohumeral rhythm shoulder to scapula ratio?
2:1
114
What are the 3 types of forces?
- Linear
- Parallea
- Resultant
115
What is the type of force used when two or more forces are pullin or pushing in the same direction or in the opposite direction with the same force?
Linear Force
116
What is the type of force used when two forces occur in the same plane and direction, but there is a counter force in the middle goint the opposite direction?
Parallel Force
117
What is the type of force used when two forces are pushing or pulling in two different directions resulting in the object moving in a third direction?
Concurrent Force
118
What is the term used to describe when a joint cannot move anymore because the muscle is at it's shortest position?
Active Insufficiency
119
What is the term used to describe when a joint cannot move anymore because the muscle is at it's longest position?
Passive Insufficiency
120
What are the only type of muscles in which active and passive insufficiency can take place?
2 joint muscles
121
When does double support take place in gait and for what percentage of the gait cycle does it take place?
- Heel off/Heel strike
- Toe off/Foot flat
- 10% of the gait cycle
122
When does single support take place in gait and for what percentage of the gait cycle does it take place?
- When the opposite leg is in swing phase
| - 40% of the gait cycle
123
What are the steps in Traditional Gait terminology?
- Heel strike
- Foot flat
- Midstance
- Heel off
- Toe off
- Acceleration
- Midswing
- Decceleration
124
What are the steps in Rancho Los Amigos Gait Terminology?
- Initial contact
- Loading response
- Midstance
- Terminal stance
- Preswing
- Initial swing
- Midswing
- Terminal Swing
125
How much of the gait cycle is spent in the Stance Phase?
60%
126
How much of the gait cycle is spent in the Swing Phase?
40%
127
In what position is the ankle at heel strike?
Neutral
128
In what position is the ankle at the beginning of foot flat?
15 Deg PF
129
At which stage of the gait cycle is the body at it's highest position?
Midstance
130
In what position is the ankle at the end of heel off?
15 Deg DF
131
In what position is the ankle at the end of toe off?
10 Deg PF
132
At which stage of gait is the knee at it's max flexion and to what degree is it flexed?
Midswing to 65 Deg
133
At which stage of the gait cycle is the body at its lowest point?
Heel Strike
134
What are the terminal nerves of the brachial plexus?
- Axillary Nerve
- Musculotaneous Nerve
- Radial Nerve
- Median Nerve
- Ulnar Nerve
135
Which nerve roots form the Axillary Nerve and what muscles are innervated by the Axillary Nerve?
- C5, C6
- Deltoids
- Teres Minor
136
Which nerve roots form the Musculotaneous Nerve and what muscles are innervated by the Musculotaneous Nerve?
- C5, C6, C7
- Coracobrachialis
- Brachialis
- Biceps Brachii
137
Which nerve roots form the Radial Nerve and what muscles are innervated by the Radial Nerve
- C5-T1
- Posterior Muscles of the UEs
- Triceps
- Wrist Extensors
- Anconeus
- Finger Extensors
- Abductor Pollicis Longus
138
Which nerve roots form the Median Nerve and what muscles are innervated by the Median Nerve?
- C6-T1
- Anterior Radial side of the UEs (all but 2 of the elbow, wrist, and hand muscles i've studied)
- Both Pronators
- Flexor Carpi Radialis
- Flexor Digitorum Superficialis and Profundus
- Flexor Pollicis Longus and Brevis
- Abductor Pollicis Brevis
139
Which nerve roots form the Ulnar Nerve and what muscles are innervated by the Median Nerve?
- C8, T1
- Anterior Ulnar side of the UEs
- Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
- Flexor Digitorum Profundus
140
What are the functional characteristics of muscle?
- Irritability: the ability to respond to a stimulus
- Contractility: the ability to shorten or contract
- Extensibility: the ability to stretch or lengthen
- Elasticity: the ability to recoil or return to normal
141
What are the parts of the Central Nervous System?
- Brain
| - Spinal Cord
142
What are the parts of the Peripheral Nervous System?
- Cranial Nerves
- Brachial Plexus
- Spinal Nerves
- Lumbosacral Plexus
143
What recieve impulses from other parts of the body and bring them to the cell body?
Dendrites
144
What take impulses away from the cell body?
Axons
145
What type of impulses do Motor Neurons send from the spinal cord to the periphery
Efferent
146
What type of impulses do Sensory Neurons send from the outer body to the CNS?
Afferent
147
What are the lobes of the brain?
- Frontal
- Occipital
- Parietal
- Temporal
148
What is the Frontal Lobe of the brain responsible for?
- Characteristics of personality
- Motor Movement
- Expressive Speech
149
What is the Occipital Lobe of the brain responsible for?
- Vision
| - Recognition or size, shape, and color
150
What are the Parietal Lobes of the brain responsible for?
- Gross sensation; touch, pressure
- Fine sensation; texture, weight, size, and shape
- Reading Skills
151
What are the Temporal Lobes of the brain responsible for?
- Centers for behavior
- Hearing
- Language
- Understanding
