Exam 1 Flashcards by Amanda Yetter

Explain why sensory receptors are called transducers.

They convert light, sound, heat energy, pressure, and vibration into nerve impulses

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List the modalities that are trans do used by sensory receptors

light 
sound 
heat 
vibration 
pressure

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List the four broad categories of information that are transmitted by sensory receptors

modality
location
intensity
duration

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If a cutaneous sensory receptor has a small receptor field, is the skin more sensitive or less sensitive?

More sensitive

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List two types of adaptation to the duration of a sensory stimulus.

Phasic & Tonic

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How is the response to the duration of a stimulus different in phasic receptors compared to tonic receptors?

Phasic - rapid impulses, sharply reduced firing

Tonic - slowly begin impulse transmission, steadily transmits

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List the types of sensory neurons that are categorized as having phasic receptors.

Tactical corpuscles
End bulbs
Lamellar corpuscles

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Type of sensory relay neuron categorized as having tonic receptors

Bulbous corpuscles

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Which type of receptor classified by modality transmits the sensation of pain?

Nociceptors

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The sensory receptors triggered by a full bladder are classified as which type when using the modality classification?
Origin of stimulus classification?
Distribution classification?

Mechanoreceptors
Interoreceptors
General

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The sensory receptors trasmitting the sensation of taste are classified as which type when using the modality classification?
Origin of stimulus classification?
Distrobustion classification?

Chemoreceptors
Exteroreceptors
Special

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What is the stuctural difference between encapsulated and unencapsulated receptors?

Encapsulated - no wrapping

Unencapsulated - wrapped w/ glial cells, connective tissue

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Types of receptors that are structurally encapsulated

Tactile corpuscles
End bulbs
Bulbous corpuscles
Lamellar corpuscles

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Types of receptors mentioned in class that are structurally unencapsulated.

Free nerve endings
tactile discs
hair receptors

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How is sensation transmission different when comparing phasic receptors to tonic receptors?

Phasic – fast

tonic – slow

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Where are tactile corpuscles located?

Dermal papillae

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Where are end bulbs located?

Mucous membranes

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Where a bulbous corpuscles located?

Dermis and subcutaneous layers

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Where are lamellar corpuscles located?

Periosteum, joint capsules, deep dermis

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In a somatosensory pathway which order neuron includes the sensory receptor?

1st

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Which modalities transmitted by first order neurons are transmitted fast? Which is transmitted slowly?

Fast - temperature

Slow - touch, pressure, proprioception

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Are the neurons in the reticular formation first second or third order sensory neurons?

3rd

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To which part of the brain to third order neurons transmit sensory impulses?

Cerebral cortex

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Second order fibers in the spinalchord transmitting the sense of proprioception are a part of which tract?

Spinocerebellar tract

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What is different about the projection pathway associated with proprioception compared to other sensations?

Projects to cerebellum

What is the function of the cerebellum in proprioception?

Controlled and accurate movements

What is the difference between visceral pain, deep somatic pain, superficial pain, and neuropathic pain?

Vp - organs Dsp - bones & muscle Sp - skin Np - nervous tissue

How are A delta nociceptive fibers different from type C nociceptive fibers?

A - fast; myelinated, easy to locate | C - slow; unmyelinated, hard to locate

What is the abnormality in nociception in the disorder fibromyalgia and phantom limb pain?

Fibro - Heightened response in cerebrum | Phantom - cerebrum initiates pain independently

What are endogenous opioids?

Oligopeptides chemically similar to morphine

List 3 endogenous opiods

Enkephalins Endorphans Dynorphins

Which opioid compound capable of acting on the body is produced by plants but not humans?

Morphine

What is gustation?

Sense of taste

List the four types of lingual papillae

Filiform Foliate Fungiform Vallate

If filiform papillae don’t have taste buds, what is their function?

Provide information about food texture

Which type of papillae is lost in early childhood?

Foliate

Which two types of papillae have taste buds in their structure?

Fungiform and vallate

Why do vallate papillae have more taste sensation the fungiform papillae?

250 vs 3 tastebuds per papillae

Where are fungi form papillae located on the tongue?

Tongues Apex

Where are vallate papillae located on the tongue?

Rear of tongue

What taste cell structure has chemical receptors?

Microvilli

How is the first order sensory neuron associated with a taste cell?

Taste cells contain neurotransmitter that depolarizes first order neuron

In a taste bud, what is the function of basal cells?

Replace taste cells

What chemical triggers each of the primary taste sensations?

Salty: Metal ions sweet: Carbohydrates umami: Amino acids sour: Acids bitter: Alkaloid compounds

Which two cranial nerves transmit to sensation from the tongue?

VII - 7 | IX - 9

First order neurons transmitting taste sensation communicate with second order neurons in which part of the brain?

Medulla

Second order neurons transmitting taste sensation communicate with third order neurons in which two parts of the brain?

Hypothalamus & Amygdala

Third order neurons transmit taste sensation to which part of the cerebrum for awareness of taste?

Insula

What is olfaction?

Sense of smell

Where is olfactory mucosa located?

5 cm area where superior nasal conchae, nasal septum, and ethmoid bone meet at the roof of the nasal cavity

Which part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for awareness of smell sensation?

Insula

Which pathways are responsible for memory of smells and emotional responses to smells?

Insula, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus

Explain what sound is

Vibration of molecules

What is the unit of measurement for frequency?

Hertz - Hz

What increases when frequency increases?

Number of vibrations per second

What is the range of frequencies over which sensitive ears are able to perceive sound?

20 - 20,000 Hz

What is the unit of measurement for loudness

Decibels - dB

In decibels, what is the threshold of human hearing?

0 dB

List two terms for the fleshy, external part of the ear

Auricle & pinna

What type of Cartlidge gives the external part of the ear its shape?

Elastic Cartlidge

What type of tissue makes up most of the ear lobe?

Adipose

What is the external acoustic meatus?

Opening into the auditory canal

What bone surrounds the outer ear canal?

Temporal bone

List two types of glands found in the epithelium of the outer ear canal

Cereminous & sebaceous

What is cerumen?

Earwax that protects epithelial layer

Where are structures of the middle ear located?

Tympanic cavity of the temporal bone

Which article is attached to the stapedius muscle?

Neck of stapes

What is the function of the stapedius muscle?

Reduce motion of the stapes

Which article is attached to the tensor tympani muscle?

Malleus

Is the tympanic membrane a structure of the outer, middle, or inner ear?

Middle

How does the tympanic membrane contribute to hearing?

Transduce vibrations

Which cranial nerves supply the tympanic membrane?

X - 10 | V - 5

Where does the air in the tympanic cavity come from?

Pharynx

Where is the auditory tube located?

Between nasopharynx & middle ear

List the auditory ossicles in order starting with the one attached to the tympanic membrane

1 - malleus 2 - incus 3 - stapes

What window is the stapes attached to?

Oval

What is the name of the bony space surrounding the inner ear structures?

Bony labyrinth

What is the relationship between the membranous labyrinth and the cochlear duct?

Cochlear duct is within the membranous labyrinth

The cochlear duct another name for:

Scala media

What fluid fills the cochlear duct?

Endolymph

What fluid surrounds the cochlear duct?

Perilymph

What structure is made up of the scala vestibuli and the scala tymphani filled with perilymph and the scala media filled with endolymph?

Cochlea – organ of hearing

What scala begins near the oval window?

Vestibuli

What scala ends at the round window?

Tymphani

The vestibular membrane is the floor of which scala?

Vestibuli

The basilar membrane is the roof of which scala?

Tympani

Where is the spiral organ located?

On the basilar membrane

How does perilymph move in relation to the scala vestibuli and tympani?

Perilymph is moved forward up the scala vestibuli and down the scala tympani

What function does the round window serve?

Relieve perilymph pressure

Where is the tectorial membrane located?

Floor of scala media

What tiny structures are embedded in the tectorial membrane?

Inner hair cells

When do the stereocilia of inner hair cells and outer hair cells get bent?

When head moves, membrane moves, cilia are bent

What causes depolarization of hair cells located in the spiral organ?

K+ rushing into cells

Explain differentiation between soft and loud sounds

Intensity of basilar membrane vibration – release of neurotransmitter, triggered by hair cell movement

What is the orientation of hair cells in the macula saccule?

Lies vertical on walls of saccule

What is the orientation of hair cells in the macula utriculi

Lies horizontal

What is the difference between stereocilia and kinocilia?

Stereocilia – most of the cilia on a hair cell | Kinocilia – main cilia on hair cell

List the three semicircular ducts

Anterior, posterior, & lateral

Describe the orientation of the semicircular ducts

Anterior & posterior - right angle | Lateral - 30° from horizontal

What is the composition of otoliths?

Calcium carbonate granules

What is the function of otoliths in the otolithic membrane?

Give extra weight to membrane and increase inertia

Where are impulses for equilibrium taken in order to control eye-movement reflexes?

Cerebellum

Where impulses for the sensation of equilibrium taken in order to control postural reflexes?

Cerebellum

Where are impulses for the sensation of equilibrium taken for conscious awareness?

Cerebral cortex