Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

SPH-N430 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name two ways to make ATP

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation and Substrate Level Phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Cells with an undefined nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Larger, structurally more complex cells with a defined nucleus. Found in Humans and Animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Cells are surrounded by a phospholipid bi-layer that contains embedded macro nutrients. Membrane proteins act as receptors sensitive to external stimuli and channels that regulate the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Organelles that produce a majority of the body’s ATP through Oxidative Phosphorylation. Site of major oxygen use in the cell (including the TCA cycle).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed Cell Death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cytosol

A

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

A series of membrane sacks that process and package proteins after they leave the rough ER. Final site for protein modifications, carbs are attached to move across plasma membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lysosome

A

Contains digestive enzymes that break up proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Also remove and recycle waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Smooth ER

A

Regions of the ER involved in lipid synthesis. Smooth ER do not have ribosomes and are not involved in protein synthesis. Contains enzymes that are important for detoxification and metabolism of many drugs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Rough ER

A

Series of membrane sacks that contain ribosomes that build and process proteins. Primary site for protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Taurochenodeoxycholic acid

A

a bile acidformed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilise fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sucrase

A

Released from the enterocyte to hydrolyze sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Substrate

A

Hydrolyzed by an enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Small Intestine

A

is the major site of enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Non-Equilibrium

A 
(Delta)G = (Delta)Go’ + 2.3RTlog[P]/[R]
(K= C + 273.16)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Standard Conditions

A

(Delta)G = (Delta)Go’

Products and Reactants = 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Equilibrium

A

(Delta) G = 0

(Delta)Go’ = -2.3RTlog Keq

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Standard Reduction Potential

A 
(Delta)Go' = -nF(Delta)Eo'
n = #of e- transferred
F = 23062 cal V^-1 mol^-1
(Delta)Eo' = Difference between standard reduction potential of donor and acceptor (Eo acceptor - Eo donor)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name a compound that is involved in the electron transport part of oxidative phosphorylation.

A

NADH, FADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name a compound that is phosphorylated during oxidative phosphorylation.

A

NAD+, FAD+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nutritional Genomics

A

Interactions among genes and environmental factors (bioactive components of food)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Nutrigenetics

A

How genes affect digestion of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Nutrigenomics

A

How bioactive components in food affect gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Types of Enzymes
Oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases
26
3 Amphoteric Structures
phospholipids, cholesterol, phosphoglycerides
27
Mitochondrion Pathways
Krebs / TCA cycle, pyruvate -/+ CO2, B Oxidation, part of Urea Cycle
28
Cytoskeleton
Microtubules and fillaments that provide support and control movement of cell organelles. Also brings enzymes and substrates in place for metabolic activities.
29
Cytoplasmic Matrix Pathways
Glycolysis, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, Hexose Monophosphate Shunt, Fatty Acid Synthesis.
30
Membrane Transport
Uniport (one through), Symport (two through ex: glucose + Na), Antiport (one in each direction)
31
Nucleus
Envelope attaches to ER and Golgi Apparatus. Transcription happens in nucleus and translation happens in nucleolus
32
Protein movement
ER > Cis Golgi > Medial Golgi > Trans Golgi> plasma membrane
33
Aquaporins
Proteins that form pores that allow water to cross plasma membrane
34
Taking too much aspirin
Soaks into mitochondria and binds a protein. It drags the protein through the e- transport chain and damages the gradient.
35
Major Forms of Regulation
Covalent Modification, Allosteric, Induction
36
Covalent Modification
Modify enzyme activity by attaching a strong bond (usually a phosphate group)
37
Allosteric Modification
Modify enzyme activity by using a non-covalent interaction. Weaker than covalent
38
Induction
Make more of an enzyme through repetition. Alcohol ex: If you don't drink much you have fewer enzymes to break down alcohol. If you drink you have more of the necessary enzyme. MEOS breaks down alcohol, but also Vit. A
39
When setting up an electron transport chain...
You would organize the redox pairs from most negative standard reduction potential to most positive.
40
Pepsin
Synthesized in the stomach
41
Sucrase
Synthesized in the Enterocyte or Mucosal cell
42
Cholic Acid
Synthesized in the Liver
43
Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid
Synthesized in the Liver
44
Pancreatic Lipase
Synthesized in the Pancreas
45
Trypsin
Synthesized in the Pancreas
46
How much ATP are NADH and FADH worth?
NADH = 2.5, FADH = 1.5
47
Lysosome
Important in phagocytosis and autolysis.
48
Peroxisome
Contains Catabolic oxidative enzymes; creates and breaks down H2O2 and also breaks down ethanol.
49
Components of the plasma membrane
Proteins (Integral [transporter], and Peripheral [receptor]), glycolipids and glycoproteins (sugar residue attached, unique to plasma type membranes), bi-layer, cholesterol
50
Transcription
the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template
51
Translation
the process where ribosomes synthesize proteins using the mature mRNA transcript produced during translation
52
Integral Proteins
Imbedded in the lipid bi-layer (amphoteric), and can perform functions inside and outside of the membrane.
53
Peripheral Proteins
Loosely attached to bi-layer and easily separable.
54
Transport functions of proteins
Allow for movement across the phospho-lipid bi-layer via diffusion (through membrane pores), by acting as a carrier (facilitated diffusion), and Active transport (1 degree, ATP needed when going against gradient). W/O a transporter, simple diffusion is the method to cross bi-layer.
55
Microtubular Lattice (Tubules and Filaments)
Provides support and controls movement of organelles. Brings enzymes and substrates in place for metabolic activities.
56
Oxidoreductases
Enzymes in electron transport and Cytochrome
57
Transferases
Enzymes including transaminases, catalyze the transfer of a functional group
58
Hydrolases
Digestive Enzymes, catalyze the hydrolysis of a chemical bond
59
Lyases
Citrate Lyase, enzymes that catalyze the breaking of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation.
60
Isomerases
Phosphohexose isomerase, catalyze the structural rearrangement of isomers.
61
Ligases
Acetyl CoA carboxylase, catalyze the joining of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond.
62
Active Transport of Glucose
Sodium ions symport across the membrane carrying glucose along. They separate from each other in the intestinal epithelium and go separate from each other into the blood.
63
Aspirin
acetylsalicylic acid
64
Stomach Capacity
About .9-1L
65
More on Delta G
It is the energy available to do work. As G approaches 0, the reaction proceeds to equilibrium. Predicts if the reaction will be favorable or not.
66
Carbohydrates are absorbed in...
the small intestine
67
CCK
Cholecystokinin moves the gallbladder (bile release into duodenum), pancreatic juice/insulin/enzyme secretion
68
Neck Cells
Mucus producing cells which cover the inside of the stomach
69
Chief Cells
Release pepsinogen, gastric lipase, and chymosin
70
Parietal Cells
Secretes gastric acid and intrinsic factor
71
Enterocyte / Brush Border in Small Intestine
Frequent turnover in crypts of Lieber-Kun (3-5 days), Protective barrier (MALT & GALT), Paneth (antimicrobial peptides), Goblet (proteins with antifungal activity and mucus), enterochromaffin (endochrine functions)
72
Components of Bile
Bile Acid/Salt, cholesterol, phospholipids, bile pigments
73
Oxyntic Glands
secreting acid, as the parietal (oxyntic) cells of the stomach.
74
Canaliculi
Small passageways
75
Monosaccharides
Glucose, fructose, galactose
76
Disaccharides
Lactose, sucrose, maltose
77
Oligosaccharides
Raffinose, Stachyose, Verbacose
78
Polysaccharides
Starch, glycogen, dietary fiber
79
Types of bonds in saccharides
1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

SPH-N430 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions