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SPH-N430 > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Smaller and less complex cells with an undefined Nucleus

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2
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Larger, structurally more complex cells with a defined nucleus. Found in Humans and Animals.

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3
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Sheet like membrane composed of phospholipids and proteins held together non-covalently.
Phospholipids form a bilayer due to phobic tail and phillic head.

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4
Q

Most of the body’s ATP is produced via…

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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5
Q

Substrate Level phosphorylation happens…

A

in the cytosol

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6
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

A series of membrane sacks that process and package proteins after they leave the rough ER. Final site for protein modifications, carbs are attached to move across plasma membrane.

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7
Q

Lysosome

A

Contains digestive enzymes that break up proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Also remove and recycle waste products

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8
Q

Smooth ER

A

Regions of the ER involved in lipid synthesis. Smooth ER do not have ribosomes and are not involved in protein synthesis. Contains enzymes that are important for detoxification and metabolism of many drugs.

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9
Q

Rough ER

A

Series of membrane sacks that contain ribosomes that build and process proteins. Primary site for protein synthesis

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10
Q

Taurochenodeoxycholic acid

A

a bile acidformed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilise fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed

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11
Q

Sucrase purpose

A

Released from the enterocyte to hydrolyze sucrose

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12
Q

Substrate

A

Hydrolyzed by an enzyme

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13
Q

Small Intestine

A

is the major site of enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption

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14
Q

Non-Equilibrium

A

(Delta)G = (Delta)Go’ + 2.3RTlog[P]/R

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15
Q

Standard Conditions

A

(Delta)G = (Delta)Go’(Products and Reactants = 1)

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16
Q

Equilibrium

A

(Delta) G = 0(Delta)Go’ = -2.3RTlog Keq

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17
Q

Name a compound that is involved in the electron transport part of oxidative phosphorylation.

A

NADH, FADH

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18
Q

Name a compound that is phosphorylated during oxidative phosphorylation.

A

NAD+, FAD+

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19
Q

Nutrigenetics

A

How genes affect digestion of food

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20
Q

Nutrigenomics

A

How bioactive components in food affect gene expression

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21
Q

Types of Enzymes

A

Oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases

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22
Q

3 Amphoteric Structures

A

phospholipids, cholesterol, phosphoglycerides

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23
Q

Mitochondrion Pathways

A

Krebs / TCA cycle, pyruvate -/+ CO2, B Oxidation, part of Urea Cycle

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24
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules and fillaments that provide support and control movement of cell organelles. Also brings enzymes and substrates in place for metabolic activities.

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25
Cytoplasmic Matrix Pathways
Glycolysis, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, Hexose Monophosphate Shunt, Fatty Acid Synthesis.
26
Nucleus
Envelope attaches to ER and Golgi Apparatus. Transcription happens in nucleus and translation happens in cytoplasm
27
Protein movement
ER > Cis Golgi > Medial Golgi > Trans Golgi> plasma membrane
28
Aquaporins
Proteins that form pores that allow water to cross plasma membrane
29
Taking too much aspirin
Soaks into mitochondria and binds a protein. It drags the protein through the e- transport chain and damages the gradient.
30
When setting up an electron transport chain...
You would organize the redox pairs from most negative standard reduction potential to most positive.
31
Pepsin
Synthesized in the stomach
32
Sucrase
Synthesized in the Enterocyte or Mucosal cell
33
Cholic Acid
Synthesized in the Liver
34
Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid
Synthesized in the Liver
35
Pancreatic Lipase
Synthesized in the Pancreas
36
Trypsin
Synthesized in the Pancreas
37
How much ATP are NADH and FADH worth?
NADH = 2.5, FADH = 1.5
38
Components of the plasma membrane
Proteins (Integral [transporter], and Peripheral [receptor]), glycolipids and glycoproteins (sugar residue attached, unique to plasma type membranes), bi-layer, cholesterol
39
Transcription
the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template
40
Translation
the process where ribosomes synthesize proteins using the mature mRNA transcript produced during translation
41
Integral Proteins
Imbedded in the lipid bi-layer (amphoteric), and can perform functions inside and outside of the membrane.
42
Microtubular Lattice (Tubules and Filaments)
Provides support and controls movement of organelles. Brings enzymes and substrates in place for metabolic activities.
43
Active Transport of Glucose
Sodium ions symport across the membrane carrying glucose along. They separate from each other in the intestinal epithelium and go separate from each other into the blood.
44
Aspirin
acetylsalicylic acid
45
More on Delta G
It is the energy available to do work. As G approaches 0, the reaction proceeds to equilibrium. Predicts if the reaction will be favorable or not.
46
Carbohydrates are absorbed in...
the small intestine
47
CCK
Cholecystokinin moves the gallbladder (bile release into duodenum), pancreatic juice/insulin/enzyme secretion
48
Neck Cells
Mucus producing cells which cover the inside of the stomach
49
Chief Cells
Release pepsinogen, gastric lipase, and chymosin
50
Parietal Cells
Secretes gastric acid and intrinsic factor
51
Enterocyte / Brush Border in Small Intestine
Frequent turnover in crypts of Lieber-Kun (3-5 days), Protective barrier (MALT & GALT), Paneth (antimicrobial peptides), Goblet (proteins with antifungal activity and mucus), enterochromaffin (endochrine functions)
52
Components of Bile
Bile Acid/Salt, cholesterol, phospholipids, bile pigments
53
Acid in the stomach is secreted from the...
Oxyntic glands (parietal)
54
Plasma Membrane components
Hydrophobic Tail Hydrophillic Head Cholesterol Fatty Acyl Groups (phsophoglycerides, phosphingolipids, etc) Proteins (integral [transporter] and peripheral [receptor]) Glycolipid Glycoprotein
55
Oxidative Phosphorylation | happens in the...
Mitochondria Uses ETC Site of major oxygen use in the cell (including the TCA cycle). More ATP Found in most cells except RBCs
56
Transport across the plasma membrane:
- Simple diffusion (no transporter) - Diffusion through pores - Facilitated diffusion w/ carrier protein - Primary Active Transport (ATP required, goes against gradient)
57
Nucleolus
Compacted DNA that manufactures subunits of Ribosomes
58
Pepsin
stomach
59
Sucrase
intestine along with other sugar enzymes
60
Cholic Acid
liver
61
Glycochenodeoxycholic acid
liver
62
Trypsin
pancreas
63
Secretions from the Pancreatic Acinar
dextrin, trypsin, phospholipase, cholesterol esterase
64
Intestinal secretions
Sugar enzymes like sucrase, amino peptidases, monoglyceride lipase
65
Peroxisome
Bud from the SER Part of MEOS Breaks H2O2 to H2O and O2
66
Keq and how it relates to delta G 'not'
If the P/R is >1 then equation will have a negative G (o) so it will proceed forward
67
Ways to affect a biological system
- Adjust the ratio (vastly less product) is more favorable - Coupling - Lower AE
68
What are the high energy bonds in ATP
The middle two P-O bonds (anhidride bonds)
69
Making ATP with Substrate level phosphorylation
Transfer of phsophoryl group from a substrate to ADP | coupling
70
Making ATP with oxidative phosphorylation
Flow of electrons from oxidized substrate molecules provides energy to make ATP.
71
Salivary secretions
a-amylase | lingual lipase
72
Stomach in and out
LES and Pyloric Sphincter
73
delta G = ~~~
-n (23062) delta E | n= number, usually 2

SPH-N430 (17 decks)

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