Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Mirroring
A
Experience feeling affirmed, recognized when we reveal ourselves.
2
Q
Idealizing
A
Experiencing being part of something admired and powerful
3
Q
Alterego
A
The feeling of being like others in a significant way
4
Q
Merger
A
The feeling of being one with someone or thing that affirms us
5
Q
Adversarial
A
Opposition to an opposing entity in a way that affirms our autonomy
6
Q
Efficacy
A
Being able to affect others to bring forth an experience that we need
7
Q
Transference
A
All reactions patient has to clinician, can either help or harm
8
Q
Counter Transference
A
All reactions clinician has on patient, can either help or harm
9
Q
Seligman’s three ways towards happiness
A
- Savoring sensory experience
- Engaging in what you do
- Meaning in life
10
Q
Csicszentmihalyi
A
Concept of “Flow,” sense of complete engagement in a creative or playful activity.
11
Q
Sonya Lyubomirsky and Robert Emmons
A
Studied gratitude boosters
12
Q
Common human responses to suggestions
A
Acceptance
Modification
Rejection
13
Q
Frequent Encountered behavioral presentations
A
Dependency, manipulation, anger, withdrawl, fear, dpression, help rejection.
14
Q
View non-compliance as a ____ requiring exploration into cause
A
symptom
15
Q
Patients more likely to cooperate when they
A
Perceive high severity of illness
Feel highly susceptible to the disease
Are capable of performing a behavior to reduce risk
Are confident treatment will reduce risk
16
Q
Transtheoretical Model Constructs
A
Process of change Decisional balance Stages of Change Self-efficacy Temptation
17
Q
Two processes of change
A
Cog & Emo
Behavioral
18
Q
Stages of change
A
Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance Relapse
19
Q
Open and Closed ended questions
A
Yes/No vs detailed answer
encourages telling a story vs just facts
“Tell me about” vs “did you”
20
Q
Evocative questions
A
Calls forth something in patient
Helps gather self-motivational statements
21
Q
Reflective listening is useful for
A
keeping the patient going and thinking, and to help gain understand and perspective, also helps diffuse resistence
22
Q
Kinds of reflective listening
A
Repeating Rephrasing Empathic repeating Reframing Double-sided
23
Q
What’s the base for change
A
Affirmation
Intention, commitment
Optimism
Summarizing
24
Q
Motivational Interviewing Approach includes:
A
Focusing on patient concern,
Egalitarian partnership
Ambivalence is seen as a good thing, means they’re thinking
25
Spirit of motivational interviewing
It's about collaboration
Patient is accepted completely
Patient is shown compassion
Things are brought to the surface instead of lectured
26
Core Interviewing Skills
Open ended Questions
Affirming by other and self
Reframing, positivising
Summarizing
27
Why is ambivalence important?
If done correctly, ambivalence will lead to positive change. If treated with judgement and harshness, patient will be entrenched in it.
28
T/F Patient objections require a response
F
Patient objections or minimization do not demand a response
29
Psychoanalysis's goal is
to understand the subjective world of the person
30
T/F Freud's theory included environmental influences
T
It is not just an individually oriented theory
31
Aspects of the Mind
Conscious Mind
Pre-conscious Mind
Unconscious Mind
32
Conscious Mind
Governed by secondary process:
Rational
Logical
Cognitive
33
Pre-conscious Mind
Capable of becoming conscious when attention is focused in its direction
34
Unconsious Mind
```
Governed by primary process:
Irrational
Instictual
Closely linked to emotional
Dreams
```
35
Psychic Determinism
All psychological events are driven by antecedent event
| Much of what drives human mind is unconscious and irrational
36
Mental Structures are
constructs that have functions that are not easily changed
37
Mental structures emphasize
anxiety and conflict, and their relationship within the mind
38
Id functions according to the
pleasure principle
39
Id functions by the ___ process
primary
40
Ego exists in what level?
Pre-conscious
41
Ego's main goals is to
satisfy Id's goals in a socially appropriate manner
42
Superego is often referred as the
conscience
43
Superego is composed of
morals, values, behavioral injunctions, and prohibitions
44
Superego can sometimes be
harsh and punative
45
Psychological symptoms often come from
Unmet desires of the Id
Compromising the Ego
Harsh injunctions made by the Super Ego
46
Every symptom has two things, what are they?
A problem component, and an adaptation
47
| What's the main idea of Freud's psychosexual stages of development?
During development, a part of the body becomes a source of attention and pleasure, and each new stage presents a potential conflict between child and parent
48
Progression is
normal movement from one stage to the next
49
Regression is
movement back to a previous stage of maturation
50
Fixation is
getting stuck on a stage
51
Describe oral stage
From birth to 1 year, the mouth becomes the focus of attention. Breast feeding is the primary source of pleasure
52
Fixation at oral stage
```
Lack ability to delay gratification
Clinging to relationships
Sense that others aren't caring enough
Lacking ability to soothe self
Lacking sense of safety
Being demanding or fearful
```
53
Describe anal stage
From 1 year to 3 years, the anus becomes the focus of attention. Pooping involves control and the sense of autonomy is a source of pleasure.
54
Fixation at anal stage
control/lacking control
assertion/submission
obedience/defiance
giving/withholding
55
Describe Phallic-Oedipal Stage
From 3 to 5 years, the penis/clitoris becomes a source of attention. Pleasure is gained from masturbatory exploration.
56
What are Oedipal and Electra conflicts?
Child begins to realize parents' relationship is exclusive.
Dilemma: Child loves and hates parent, and is afraid of being punished, or lose parent's affection.
57
Fixation on Phallic-Oedipal Stage
Triangulation
Relationships with "unavailable" partners
Relationships as a conquest
58
Describe Latency
During school age, the sexual desire of a child is delayed by activities such as school or play.
59
Describe Normal Symbiosis Stage
During months 1-5 after birth, baby recognizes mother as a source of pleasure, and is one with her. Also discovers things that are not self exist.
60
Three sub stages of separation-individuation
Hatching
Practicing
Rapproachment
61
Hatching sub stage
Months 5-10, recognizing mother's face, and the estrangement of others. Fear of loss of mother
62
Practicing sub stage
Months 10-16, walking develops, and exploration begins. Sense of invulnerability countered and challenged by the notion of shame and humiliation (separation anxiety)
63
Rapproachment sub stage
Months 16-24, back and forth between separation and attachment to mother, ambivalence. Fearing loss of object during separation, fearing loss of self during merge.
64
Describe object constancy
Months 24-36, good and bad become clearer and is integrated into senses of self and object. If sense of self is more positive rather than negative, child is secure.
65
Describe the trust/mistrust stage
Between birth and a year, child is concerned about basic needs. If a person meets those needs, she will trust them. During this time, child will explore and wonder if the world is safe to encounter.
66
Describe autonomy/shame,doubt
As a child develops during ages 1-3, he will be able to walk, and have basic use of his hands. During this time, the feeling of invulnerability rises, and often he can be challenged and confronted in his abilities, leading to shame.
67
Describe initiative/guilt
During the ages of 3-5 a child will have a concept that he is a part of a group or community. Zis autonomy will now have a self component, and a societal component. Ze will begin to identify based on zis surroundings, as well as learn sex roles, particularly in preschool.
68
Describe industry/inferiority
During the ages of 5-11, competency becomes significant. "Am I good enough" among peers? This is an age where child begins to develop a sense of self -esteem, and requires parents' affirmations.
69
Describe identity/role confusion
At age 11-21, the main question is "who am I?" This is an age where a person begins to find a sense of self, and is a difficult time of growing.
70
Describe isolation/intimacy
During young adulthood, a person will seek meaningful friendships and potentially a mate.
71
Describe generativity/stagnation
During middle adulthood, a person has greater opportunity to raise the next generation or to invest in meaningful work.
72
Describe integrity/despair
From old age to death, a person has a choice to recollect youth or to fear death.
73
Sensory Motor
Birth to 2, infant learns to correlate mind with movement.
74
Preoperational
Ages 2-6, child learns that he can use his mind to represent the world, like playing with dolls or firetrucks. Egocentrism begins at this age. Confused about causation.
75
Concrete Operational
Ages 6-12, child is able to manipulate reality with mind, addition, subtraction. Experienced learning. A thing can have more than one attribute.
76
Formal Operational
Ages 12-19, abstract thought develops, will solve problems systematically, thoroughly.
77
Preconventional
two substages, heteronomous morality, and instrumental reality.
78
Heteronomous morality
Preschool
"right" defined by external sources
main reason to do right is to avoid punishment
79
Instrumental morality
Starts age 7
"right" determined by acting in one's own interest, allowing others to do the same, fairness
"I have needs, and others have other needs."
80
Conventional
two substages, Good child morality, law and order mentality
81
Good child morality
Starts age 10
Right determined by the good of a group rather than self.
82
Law and order mentality
Starts age 20
Right determined by following law and helping society.
Do right to promote rules to group as a whole.
83
Postconventional
two substages, social-contract reasoning, universal principles
84
Social-contract reasoning
starts early adulthood
right is defined by a universal, constant value system.
do right because it promotes social welfare
85
Universal principles
More ideal than reality
Right is defined by the individual, not society. The principles are constant, but what is considered right is personal.
Do right because universal moral principles are valid
86
How did Gilligan critique Kolhberg?
Gilligan differentiated the morality system of boys vs girls. Girls are more nurturing, compassionate, and less judgmental. Subsequent research failed to uphold Gilligan's strong gender-based claim.
87
We are often ____ seeking, rather than _____ seeking.
object, pleasure
88
Human context is one of ______.
relatedness
89
To be is _______ to someone else.
to mean something
90
Attaching involves
connecting to another person in an emotionally significant manner
91
Detaching involves
disconnection from another, It is a strategy of defense and a a normal rhythmic process.
92
Why is attachment and detachment important to consider?
It's basic to survival/development
It plays a role in mental development
Styles/patterns of both develop over time
Patient concerns often relate to attachment or loss
93
Attachment is a relatively ____ ____ _____ with another person that forms a response to _____, ______, and _______.
enduring emotional bond, exposure, interaction, familiarity
94
Attachment bonds 5 characteristics?
```
Person-specific,
Proximity seeking
Persistent
Emotionally significant
Separation rebellion
```
95
Which two do attachment characteristics are not expressed in children abused by parents?
Proximity seeking
| separation rebellion
96
Examples of attachment seeking behavior?
Crying, clinging, checking
97
How are attachment seeking behavior activated?
Internal and external distress
98
How do we express attachment? (hierarchy determinants)
```
We spend time with others
We offer quality care
We invest in each other's emotions
We respond to each other's emotions
We are repeatedly present with each other
```
99
What are some functions of attachment?
Protection (a safe haven, a secure foundation)
Regulation of arousal and distress
Creating a sense of self
Provides base or mentalizing
100
Discuss the Safe Haven concept of attachment, how does it serve the individual?
It is a place where:
```
Hurts are healed,
Safety is savored
One's best interests are considered
We are not afraid to be seen
We are loved
We can escape the world's difficulties
```
101
A Secure Base is good for three things:
Exploration, refueling and support
102
Regarding regulation, how does a child benefit from a caregiver's comfort?
Helps maintain a child's emotions
| Fosters child's self-regulatory capacities
103
How does a child gain a sense of self?
Key is mirroring
Parents and caregivers respond to child
The response gives child a context and helps him know himself
He sees himself in the face of his caregivers
104
We develop our minds from the ____ _____, and not from the _____ _____.
Outside in, inside out
105
Primary predictors of depression in adults? (3)
Heredity
Severe situational stress
Early attachment trauma (loss, abuse, neglect)
106
Attachment malfunction can be caused by two things:
Child temperament can lead to decreased attachment seeking behavior
Parent distance, neglect can lead to disorganization
107
What problem arises when a child experiences an abusive caregiver?
The need for attachment increases while the safe haven and secure base dwindles.
The more the threat, the greater the need for attachment
108
Four stages of grief?
Numbness/protest
Yearning/searching
Disorganization
Reorganization
109
What does healthy grieving look like
A person is able to talk about what he lost, and maintain a connection to the figment of it even if it is no longer present.
110
What indicated chronic grief?
Opposite of health grief, person gets anxious or angry when having to talk about the loss, they withdrawl from others to avoid talking about loss, and is unable to continue life
111
Attachment styles is a combination of what two aspects?
Varying anxiety and avoidance
112
Between ___ months and ____ years, many disorganized infants _____ their attachment behaviors toward the parent.
18, 6, reorganize
113
How can a disorganized child recover?
Humiliating or punitive behavior
or
Solicitation
114
A secure child looks like this:
active attachment system
| emotionally connected
115
An anxious/ambivalent child has these attributes
```
lacks trust in authoritative figures,
stays close and vigilant
appears demanding
fears being alone
indiscriminany friendliness
```
116
An avoidant child has these attributes
```
suppressed anger at parent
cool
detached
shut down
focused on inanimate objects
```
117
A disorganized child has these attributes
overwhelming emotional states
dissociates from parents and own needs
shifting, unintegrated mental states
118
How do secure people view relationships?
True love is possible
119
How do anxious/ambivalent people view relationships?
They fall in love often
120
How do avoidant people view relationships
They are rare and temporary
121
What is object permanence
belief that an object is there even though it is out of sight
122
What are SIDS?
Sudden infant death syndrome
123
Which group is SIDS most common?
Native Americans
124
What can lead to SIDS?
Smoking/drinking/drug use during pregnancy
Sleeping on belly
Teenage pregnancy
Low birth weight or premature birth
125
Distinguish between primary and secondary enuresis
Primary, can't sustain dryness
| Secondary, wetting after achieving sustained dryness
126
What is Encopresis?
Bowel incontinence after control is achieved
127
What are childhood "red flags"?
child sets fire
child expresses violence
child tortures animals
