Exam #1 Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
towards the head or upper part of the body
A
Superior (cranial)
2
Q
away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure
A
Inferior (caudal)
3
Q
towards the front
A
Ventral
4
Q
towards the back
A
Dorsal
5
Q
towards the middle
A
Medial
6
Q
towards the side
A
Lateral
7
Q
on the same side of the body
A
Ipsilateral
8
Q
opposite sides of the body
A
Contralateral
9
Q
close to the center
A
Proximal
10
Q
away from the center
A
Distal
11
Q
away from the internal portion of the body
A
Superficial (external)
12
Q
towards the internal portion of the body (organs deep to the skin)
A
Deep
13
Q
the plane that’s vertical (up/down) dividing the body into left/right parts
A
sagittal plane
14
Q
the plane that’s vertical (up/down) dividing the body into equal left/right parts
A
median or midsagittal plane
15
Q
the plane that’s vertical (up/down) dividing the body into unequal left/right parts
A
parasagittal plane
16
Q
the plane that’s vertical (up/down) dividing the body into anterior/posterior portions
A
frontal (coronal) plane
17
Q
the plane that divides the body into superior/inferior portions
A
transverse (horizontal) plane
18
Q
What are the abdominopelvic regions?
A
Right/Left hypochondriac Epigastric Right/Left Lumbar Umbilical Right/Left Iliac Hypochondriac
19
Q
What are the quadrants?
A
Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant
20
Q
What does KIN mean?
A
Potassium high in cell
21
Q
What are the body cavities?
A
Ventral
Dorsal
Pelvic
22
Q
The ventral cavity includes
A
- thoracic cavity
- pleural and pericardial (lungs & heart)
- abdominopelvic cavity
23
Q
The dorsal cavity includes
A
- cranial cavity
* Vertebral cavity
24
Q
The pelvic cavity includes
A
*bladder
25
the space between the visceral and parietal membranes that have serous fluid
pericardial space
26
A membrane lines the cavity walls or can line the outside wall of an organ
visceral membrane
27
A membrane that covers the organs in the cavity
parietal membrane
28
A type of compound that always contain hydrogen and carbon
organic compound
29
A type of compound that does not always contain hydrogen and carbon
inorganic compounds
30
A change in electron
ion
31
a change in neutron
isotope
32
Has phospholipids
cell membrane
33
What do enzymes do?
speed up the process or reaction (more energy)
34
What do proteins function as?
```
carriers
channels
receptors
enzymes
anchoring
identifiers
```
35
What do carbohydrates function as?
lubricants
receptors
....
36
What are substances that diffuse?
O2
CO2
H20
37
the staudy of body part structures
Anatomy
38
the study of the function of the body
Physiology
39
What are the levels of the structural organization?
```
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organismal
```
40
maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in the environment
Homeostasis
41
Components of a control mechanism
receptor
control center
effector
42
monitors environment and response to stimuli (change in controlled variables)
receptor
43
receives input from the receptor and determines the appropriate response
control center
44
receives output from the control center responding by reducing stimulus (negative feedback) or enhancing stimulus (positive feedback)
effector
45
the smallest functional unit (3 subatomic particles *protons, neutrons, electrons)
atom
46
cannot be broken down without losing their chemical properties
element
47
What are the 6 elements that make up most living things?
```
oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
calcium
phosphorus
```
48
two or more atoms bond together to form (organic or inorganic)
molecule
49
protons + neutrons
mass number
50
different forms of the same element that have the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons
isotopes
51
Electron shells
1st shell- 2 electrons
2nd shell- up to 8 electrons
3rd shell and up-up to 7
52
An electron shell is stable with how many electrons
8
53
molecules with 2 or more different elements
compounds
54
What are the types of atomic bonds
* Covalent
- polar
- nonpolar
* Ionic
* Hydrogen
55
when two atoms share electrons it forms what kind of bond?
covalent bond
56
when two atoms share electrons equally
nonpolar covalent bond
57
when two atoms that form a covalent bond are different, share electrons unequally, one atom may have a stronger pull
polar covalent bond
58
when two atoms that form a covalent bond are different, and share electrons unequally, one atom may have a stronger pull
polar covalent bond
59
when the draw on one atom is stronger than the other, electrons may be transferred from one atom to another, and atoms lose or gain electrons having a plus or minus charge
ionic bonds
60
an atom that loses an electron has a positive charge
cation
61
an atom that gains an electron has a negative charge
anion
62
a weak bond that forms between H+ and a molecule with a negative charge (found in water, proteins, and nucleic acids)
Hydrogen bonds
63
a term used to describe the concentration of H+ in solution
pH
64
A substance with a large amount of H+
acid
65
A substance with a small amount of H+
base
66
compounds that release H+
acid
67
compounds that release OH- (OH- absorbs excess H+ to form H2O)
base
68
HCI yields
H+ + Cl-
69
NaOH yields
Na+ + OH-
70
Organic molecules
* carbohydrates
* lipids
* proteins
* nucleic acids
71
Types of carbohydrates
sugars
starches
cellulose
glycogen
72
monosaccharides
simple sugars
73
disaccharides
two simple sugars bonded together
74
Three important monosaccharides
glucose
fructose
galactose
75
Disaccharides
```
glucose+glucose= maltose
glucose+fructose= sucrose
glucose+galactose= lactose
```
76
Polysaccharides
starch
cellulose
glycogen
77
Lipids
fats
phospholipids
steroids
78
Proteins functions
structure parts of cells
hormones
antibodies
enzymes
79
two amino acids linked together
dipeptides
80
tertiary structure
coiling and bending of coiled chain
81
Nucleic acids functions
* storage of info (DNA, RNA, etc)
* storage of energy
* coenzymes
82
What is the function of the cell membrane?
regulates movements of substances into and out of the cell
83
Structure of the cell membrane
phospholipid backbone
proteins
glycolipids, glycoproteins
cholesterol
84
Phospholipids
* two layers
* hydrophobic ends point inward
* hydrophilic ends point outward
85
Functions of membrane proteins
transport
enzymatic activity
receptors for signal transduction
....
86
Transport process
* diffusion
* osmosis
* facilitated transport
* active transport
* endocytosis
87
the net movement of particles from a region of high to low concentration
Diffusion
88
the movement of water from a region of high to low concentration across a semipermeable membrane
Osmosis
89
solutions with the same solute concentration as that of the cytosol
Isotonic
90
solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol
Hypertonic
91
solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol
Hypotonic
92
solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol
Hypertonic (shrink)
93
solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol
Hypotonic (explode/burst)
94
solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol (red blood cell)
Hypertonic (shrink)
95
solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol (red blood cell)
Hypotonic (explode/burst)
96
substances move from a region of high to low concentration
* requires a carrier
* does not require ATP
* moves substances in or out of cells
facilitated diffusion
97
substances move from a low to high up the concentration gradient
* one direction
* requires atp (K+, Na+, Ca++)
active transport
98
causes the protein to change its shape
phosphorylation
99
move two substances in the same direction
symporters
100
move two substances in opposite directions
antiporters
101
Cystic Fibrosis
genetic mutation, no protein in the cell membrane to pump Cl- out of cells
102
Transport in vesicles
* Endocytosis
- phagocytosis
- pinocytosis
- receptor-mediated endocytosis
* Exocytosis
103
transport in cells involves protein-coated vesicles (in/out cell)
Endocytosis
104
cell membrane sends out arms of cytoplasm to surround a solid object (contents digested)
Phagocytosis
105
cells take in liquid with dissolved molecules (absorbs nutrients)
Pinocytosis
106
particles in an extracellular fluid bind to receptors on the membrane
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
107
vesicle with wastes, hormones, and enzymes moves to the cell membrane, vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, and substances are released from the cell
Exocytosis
108
* energy stored in NA+ or H+ concentration gradient
* drive other substances across the membrane
* two substances are moved at the same time
Secondary active transport
109
group of cells linked together to perform special functions
tissues
110
What are the 4 major membrane types?
cutaneous
mucosal
serous
synovial
111
where is the cutaneous membrane located?
skin
112
where is the mucosal membrane located?
mouth, nose, eyelids, trachea, lungs, stomach, intestines, the ureters, the urethra, and the urinary bladder
113
where is the serous membrane located?
lining the internal body cavities and organs (heart, lungs, and abdominal cavity)
114
where is the synovial membrane located?
lines the cavities of joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae
115
What are the 4 major tissue types?
* epithelial
* connective tissue
* muscle
* neural
116
Epithelial features:
```
cells close together
apical surface
basement membrane
avascular
regeneration
```
117
Epithelial functions:
Protection (internal & external)
Absorption
Secretions
Sensations
118
Epithelial types:
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
119
Types of glands:
Endocrine- ductless, secretes into the blood
| Exocrine- ducts, secretes onto a surface
120
Types of exocrine glands:
Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine
121
Merocrine glands
* release secretions from cell
| * salivary glands, pancreas, and most other glands
122
Apocrine glands
* portion of cell pinches off
| * mammary gland was considered apocrine
123
Holocrine glands
* release dead cells
| * sebaceous glands
124
Types of exocrine glands:
* Unicellular
| * Multicellular
125
Connective tissue features:
* specialized cells
* matrix (elastic, collagen, reticular)
* ground substance (water, proteins)
126
Connective tissue functions:
* framework for the body
* transport
* protection
* support
* energy storage
* defense
127
Connective tissue types:
Connective tissue proper
- Loose connective
- Dense connective
128
Loose connective tissues:
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular
129
Dense connective tissues:
- regular
- irregular
- elastic
130
Connective tissue fibers:
- collagen
- reticular
- elastic
131
Connective cells
- Fibroblast (produce fibers
- Macrophages (white cells)
- White blood cells (immune function)
- Adipocytes (adipose tissue)
- Melanocytes (pigment)
- Mast cells (histamine, dilates blood vessels)
132
* abnormal glycoprotein fibrillin in connective tissue matrix (forms elastic fibers)
* effects all connective tissues
* excess cartilage in the bones leads to long limbs
* weakened connective tissue leads to weakened blood vessels
Marfan's Syndrome
133
sheets of tissues that cover or line body surfaces
membranes
134
What are the layers of the skin?
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
135
superficial region of skin that consists of epithelial tissue
epidermis
136
a layer of skin that underlies the dermis and is mostly fibrous connective tissue
dermis
137
the subcutaneous layer of skin that is deep and is mostly adipose tissue that absorbs shock and insulates
hypodermis
138
Five layers of the epidermis
- Stratum basale
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum corneum
139
Four cell types in the epidermis
- keratinocytes
- melanocytes
- dendritic (langerhans) cells
- tactile (merkel) cells
140
What are the 2 layers of the dermis?
- papillary
| - reticular
141
- areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels
- loose tissue (phagocytes patrol for microorganisms)
Papillary layer
142
- 80% of dermal thickness
- dense fibrous connective tissue
- elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil properties
- collagen fibers
Reticular layer
143
Functions of the integumentary system:
- Protection
- Body temperature regulation
- Cutaneous sensation
- Metabolic functions
- Blood reservoir
- Excretion
144
Skeleton Functions:
- Protection
- Movement
- Hematopoiesis
- Mineral Storage
- Support
145
Bone cells:
Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts (bone formation)
Osteocytes (mature bone cells)
146
bone cells that form from white blood stem cells
osteoblasts
147
What are the types of bone?
Compact bone
| Spongy bone
148
The Osteon:
- laid down in rings of lamellae
- around Haversion's (central )canals
- linked to blood vessels by perforating canals
149
The Osteocyte:
- in spaces calles lacunae
| - connected by canaliculi
150
What do osteoblasts become when they lose their ability to form bone?
osteocytes
151
the natural process of bone formation (the hardening into a bony substance)
Ossification
152
Osteoblasts form a ring of bone around this
Diaphysis
153
secondary ossification forms here and bones replace cartilage
Epiphysis
154
a plate that allows growth to continue
Epiphyseal plate
155
it is composed of cells called chondrocytes which are
| dispersed in a firm gel-like ground substance, called the matrix
Cartilage
156
What are the 3 main types of cartilage?
- Hyaline
- Elastic
- Fibrocartilage
