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Urine Analysis > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What do the colors in the safety diamond mean

A

blue-health
red-flammability
yellow-reactivity
white-specific

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of urine specimen

A

first morning
random
Times

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3
Q

What are the pros and cons of first morning specimen

A

good for testing things that need to be in high concentration to be detected like formed elements

high concentrated salt can crystallize, not the most convenientq for patient

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4
Q

What are the pros and cons of random urine specimen

A

pro: easy, good for routine, good for cytology
con: may not be so accurate, exercise and fluid intake affect results

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5
Q

What are the pros and cons of timed specimen

A

common errors
needs strict timing
24hrs can reveal a lot, good for albumin to creatinine ratio

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6
Q

What physical changes can occur if you don’t preserve urine correctly

A

color darkens, clarity decreases, odor increases

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7
Q

What are the microscopic changes that could occur if you don’t preserve urine

A

blood cells, casts and trichomonads all decrease

bacteria increases

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8
Q

What are the chemical changes that can occur if urine is unpreserved

A

pH and nitrite increase

glucose, ketones, bilirubin and urobilinogen decrease

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9
Q

How should urine be preserved

A

refrigerated

brought back to room temp to be tested

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10
Q

Which preservative is good for sediment preservation

A

thymol

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11
Q

Which preservative is good for cytology testing

A

formalin

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12
Q

which preservative is used for analysis of steroids and hormones

A

Acids

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13
Q

Which preservative is used for analysis of prophyrins

A

sodium carbonate

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14
Q

How to determine that something is actually urine

A

pH- 4-8
specific gravity 1.002-1.0035
mostly high creatinine concentration 50x the plasma

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15
Q

What are the 2 distinct areas within the kidney, what structure surround it

A

cortex- outer
medulla-inner (contain papilla)–> contain minor and major calyces
fibrous capsule

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16
Q

Which structure is funnel shaped, has indented region and narrows to join the ureter

A

renal pelvis

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17
Q

What is the function of each calyx, how many are there

A

12 minor, 3 major

act as funnel to receive urine from collecting ducts onto renal pelvis

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18
Q

Describe the flow of urine

A

nephron-> minor-> major-> renal pelvis-> ureters-> bladder-> urethra->out of body

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19
Q

Where is the last place urine is altered

A

the minor and major calyces

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20
Q

Which structure of the nephron is a capillary tuft surrounded by a thin epithelial layer of cells, what is the layer called?

A

tuft-glomerulus

layer-bowmans capsule

21
Q

The bowmans capsule is the originating end of a ___

A

renal tubule

22
Q

What kidney structure collects initial ultrafiltrate

A

bowmans capsule

23
Q

Which structure of the kidney has thin and thick descending and ascending limbs that have a hairpin turn,

A

loop of henle

24
Q

Which nephron structure has a straight distal tubule that enters back into the cortex

A

distal convulted tubule

25
Q

which kidney structure has multiple DCT that join to convey urine from several nephrons

A

collectng duct

26
Q

Which nephron structure extends from the glomerulus through the cortex in a circuitous route, eventually straightens out and turns downward to become the Loop of Henle

A

PCT

27
Q

the artery leads to the

A

kidney

28
Q

the veins lead to the

A

heart

29
Q

The structure that supplies blood individually to the glomerulus of each nephron

A

afferent

30
Q

capillary network comes together as it leaves the glomerulus to form the

A

EFFERENT

31
Q

the long U-shaped vessels that descend deep into the renal medulla close to the loops of Henle

A

vasa recta

32
Q

What part of the nephron exerts the biggest pressure

A

glomerulus

33
Q

Does the bowmans capsule have high or low pressure? does it drive or oppose filtration
and the plasma ?

A

bowman-lowest, opposes

plasma-higher, opposes

34
Q

What is the outcome of the 3 pressure differences

A

positive pressure, forms plasma ultrafiltrate

35
Q

Difference between oncotic and hydrostatic

A

oncotic- into blood capillaries

hydrostatic-out of blood capilaries

36
Q

What are the 3 processes involved in urine formation

A

plasma filtration-glomerulus
reabsorption- renal tubules
secretion- renal tubules

37
Q

What substances should urine never contain

A

glucose, bicarbonate, albumin

38
Q

urine is made of mostly

A

water

39
Q

What is the daily urine volume produced in the body

A

600-1800 mL

40
Q

Which solute is fully reabsorbed ?

A

glucose 100% reabsorption

41
Q

What three aspects of the glomerulus aid in filtration

A

fenestrated in EC
podocytes- food cell, have filtration slits
basement membrane- helps with permeability

42
Q

What is the max size a molecule can be to pass through glomerular filtration

A

4nm

43
Q

tubular secretion or reabsorption?

from lumen to capillary blood
from capillary blood to tubular lumen

A

reabsorption

secretion

44
Q

What solutes are reabsorbed

A

water, glucose, proteins, Na, K Cl

45
Q

How does the kidney maintain pH in the blood

A

H ions secretion bicarbonate basic- recovered
H ions secretion titratable acids- leave in urine
H ions secretion ammonium salts acidic- leaves in urine

46
Q

The hypertonicity of the medulla is important because

A

it is the only tissue that is hyper tonic compared to normal plasma

47
Q

What is RASS what does it do

A

sodium reabsorption
releases renin into blood,
angiotensin stimulates aldosterone hormone
aldosteron activates sodiu reabsorption

48
Q

The release of renin would result from what changes in the body

A

low sodium
low blood pressure
low blood volume

49
Q

What does ADH do

A

makes you pee less, controls water reabsorption, acts on collecting ducts

Urine Analysis (5 decks)

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