Exam 4 Flashcards by Sara Buitrago

What diluent is used for RBC counts

commercial isotonic diluents
Isotonic saline
Hyaluronidase buffer

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What diluents are used in WBCs

hypotonic saline, turk’s solution, dilute acetic acid

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What does hyaluronidase

an enzyme that eliminates the viscosity of synovial fluids by depolymerizing hyaluronic acid
prevents clot formation

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What is cytocentrifugation

the preferred technique for slide preparation for diff
body fluid is filtered in a chamber with filter paper
placed into cytocentrifuge

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What are the 3 meninges

dura mater- touch outer near bone
arachnoid- middle layer, looks like spider web
pia mater- inner layer, adheres to neural tissues

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Which meninges does CSF flow through

subarachnoid space

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What is the CSF

bathes the brain and spinal cord, protects it and supports them and provides a transport medium for nutrients and metabolic wastes

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What is the blood brain barrier

interface between blood and CSF, reduces the passage of substances from the blood plasma into the CSF

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What is the procedure for collecting spinal fluid

lumbar puncture- needle directly inserted into spine

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List out the tubes that are collected in CSF and where they go

1- chem and immuno
2-microbial
3- heme
sterile, sequentially labeled

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What is pleocytosis

increased number of cells in CSF, makes it cloudy

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What is xanthochromia

yellow color to CSF

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You have a CSF with blood in it
it does not clot
It is xanthochromic
the amount of blood is the same in all tubes
hemosiderin is present

Hermorrhage

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You have a CSF with blood in it
It did not clot
it shows streaking blood
the color looks normal
no hermosiderin present

traumatic tap

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What do the following forms of pleocytosis mean
Neutrophilic
lymphocytic
monocytic
eosinophilic

Neutrophilic- early viral, fungal, tubercular, parasitic infection
lymphocytic- viral, fungal, tubercular, syphilitic meningitis
monocytic-tb, or fungal meningitis, chronic bacterial, rupture of cerebral abscess
eosinophilic- parasitic and fungal infection, allergic rx to shunt or injection

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What cells predominate in the CSF

lymphs and monocytes

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Explain what electrophoresis on CSF can show the presence of

albumin, transferrin, transthyretin

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How does albumin get into the CSF

must cross blood-brain barrier

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What is the normal albumin CSF/ serum index

<9
the higher above 9 the more impairment of the barrier

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Formula for CSF/albumin index

= albuminCSF/ Albumin serum

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What are the 4 protein bands present in normal CSF pattern

TTR
albumin
Transferrin
Tau transferrin
faint alpha and IgG

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What is the purpose of electrophoresis of CSF

to detect oligoclonal bands in the gamma region

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What does it mean if oligoclonal bands are in the CSF but not the serum

highly suggests multiple sclerosis

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What does it mean to have oligoclonal bands in both CSF and serum

lymphoproliferation disorders

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What band IDs a fluid as CSF

T transferrin, unique to CSF

What does a normal CSF protein pattern look

has a Beta 2 region of T transferrin, abnormal- has oligoclonal bands at the end

What is the normal total volume of CSF in adults and neonates?

adults: 85-150mL neonates: 10-60mL

What is the normal CSF glucose range? lactate? protein? serum albumin? WBC and RBC?

glucose: 50-80 lactate: 10-22 protein: 15-45 serum albumin: <9 IgG index 0.30-0.7 WBCs 0-5 RBCs not present

What is the most common cause of blood and plasma proteins in CSF

traumatic punture

What does an increased IgG in CSF mean?

multiple sclerosis

What does a decreased CSF glucose mean

could be meningitis in 50% of people how decreased glucose

What do lactate levels indicate about meningitis

low lactate- viral high lactate- other causes

What is the function of semen

transportation of sperm

What is the function of the testes

keep temp for sperm secrete sperm and testosterone regulate follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

What is the function of Sertoli cells

regulate sperm production

What is the function of interstitial cells of Leydig

production and secretion of testosterone

What is the path of semen in the reproduction tract starting in the testes

testes (sertoli cells) Epididymus vas deferens ejactulatory ducts prostate gland urethra

What temp should semen specimen be kept at

warmed to body temp, received within 1 hour

What does normal sperm look like

gray-white opalescent, watery, coagulum liquifies within 30 min, any more than 60 min is abnormal

What is the normal ejaculate volume

2-5mL

What is a sperm motility test

50% + sperm should be moving and show forward progression

What is the normal sperm concentration

20-250 million sperm/ mL

What dilution is used on sperm counts

1: 20

What is included in a sperm count

the total number of sperm in the entire ejaculate

What is the sperm count formula

sperm count= sperm concentration x volume of ejaculate

What is the sperm morphology test

looks at measurement of sperm head length, width, circumference and area

What are the 3 distinct areas of sperm

head midpiece, tail

What is the normal head size of a sperm

1.5-1.75 length to width ratio

What a sperm vitality test

looking for live vs deaad sperm those who take up stain are dead those who do not take up stain are alive

What stain is used for vitality test

eosin-nigrosin stain

What are the normal results for vitality

50%+ should be alive, do not take up stain

What is the normal pH of sperm

7.2-7.8

What is the acid phosphatase sperm test

should be in high concentrations, can be used to determine if rape occurred

What is in seminal vesicle fluid

makes up 70% of ejaculate and is high in flavin

What is in prostatic fluid

makes up 25% of ejaculate made of citiric acid, enzymes, proteins, zinc

What component of ejaculate allows if to coagulate allows for liquification is used to evaluate prostate function

proteins proteolytic enzymes zinc

What is the most commonly performed fecal test in chemistry

occult blood

What is occult blood used for

to find colorectal cancer

What is steatorrhea

increased fecal lipids

What is the main function of the SI

digestion and absorption of foodstuffs

What is the main function of the LI

absorption of water, sodium and chloride

What is scybala

small hard sperical masses in poop

What causes constipation

too much water absorbed from slow moving feces

What causes watery stools / diarrhea

too much water or not enough absorption

Diarrhea with increased solute secretions

secretory diarrhea

Diarrhea with increased osmotically active solutes in the intestinal lumen

osmotic diarrhea

Diarrhea with increase in intestinal motility

intestinal hypermotility

What is maldigestion? and malabsorption? what do each indicate

maldigestion- cant convert food into absorbable materials, could be pancreatic and hepatic disease malabsorption- can digest but can't absorb processed food, could be parasitic, mucosal, hereditary, drugs, surgery

What is acute diarrhea? and chronic?

within 1-2 weeks more than 4 weeks

What does chronic bloody diarrhea indicate and chronic watery diarrhea?

bloody- IBD, ulcerative colitis of Chron's watery- celiac, tropical sprue and colitis

What does it mean if diarrhea ceases upon fasting? What does it mean if diarrhea persists despite fasting?

fasting- malabsorption or digestion- pancreatic disease, lactose intolerance non fasting- secretory issue

pale, greasy, bulky, spongy, pasty and very foul smelling poop

steatorrhea

What is fecal fat determination for?

to differentiate steatorrhea from diarrhea

What gives stool its color

bile pigments, urobilins

What is acholic stool?

pale or clay colored, caused by inhibited bile secretion

What is a fecal WBC test

to see if WBC in feces, could indicate inflammation detect lactoferrin

noninflammatory diarrheal conditions do Not have ____

neutrophils

What is a qualitative fecal fat test? and quantitative?

qualitative- microscopic test, looks for orange to red color- neutral fats like triglycerides quantitative- measures total fecal fat content

What does it mean to have a normal neutral fecal fat test and increased total fat

malabsorption

What does it mean to have an increased neutral fat in the first slide?

maldigestion

What is creatorrhea

increased fecal meat fivers- related to impaired digestion undigested food

How to tell if there is bleeding in the upper GI tract ? and in the lower GI tract?

upper- dark mahogany colored stool lower- bright red coating surface of stool

What is melena

dark or black stool due to presence of blood

What is the Apt fecal test

hemoglobin in feces

What is the percent of fat retention formula

percent fat retention = dietary fat- fecal fat/ dietary fat x 100

What is the lactose intolerance test

if lactose intolerance pH is decreased

What is the oral tolerance test

test to see if there is an enzyme deficiency in intestines

What is the FOBT

looks for bleeding only in lower GI tract

Exam 4 Flashcards

(88 cards)