Exam 1 Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
very small organisms that many are too small to see without a microscope
A
Microorgansims or Microbes
2
Q
scientific study of microscopic organisms + viruses
A
Microbiology
3
Q
Robert Hooke
A
a built microscope that magnifies 25x
called what he saw “cells”
looked at plants and cork
4
Q
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
A
first to view microbes
a built microscope that magnifies 200-300x
withheld information for his entire lifetime
5
Q
Louis Pasteur
A
invented pasteurization to kill off microorganisms
Declared that spontaneous generation is false
invented vaccines to treat diseases; rabies
6
Q
Robert Koch
A
Discovered was bacteria causes what diseases. discovered anthrax, cholera, TB
7
Q
microbes that live in and on your body (3 lbs)
A
Normal flora (aka microbiota, microbiome)
8
Q
____ x more flora than human cells
A
10
9
Q
Normal flora are usually not…
A
Pathogenic
10
Q
What are the 6 major groups of microorganisms?
A
-viruses
-fungi
-bacteria
-protozoa
-helminths
11
Q
used to add color to microbes for better observation
A
stains and dyes
12
Q
an environment that provides nutrients like water, salts, glucose, nitrogen, and amino acids
A
A growth media
13
Q
How many different species of normal flora is there?
A
500-1000
14
Q
classification, description, identification, and naming of living organisms.
A
Taxonomy
15
Q
What percentage of oxygen do microbes produce?
A
50%
16
Q
What doe plants need in soil to obtain nitrogen?
A
Microbes
17
Q
Francesco Redi
A
conducted an experiment that falsifies spontaneous generation with meat and maggots
18
Q
Life arising from non-living matter
A
Spontaneous Generation
19
Q
Describe Pasteurs SG experiment
A
Used swan-necked flask to boil broth and let sit for 18 mths > no microbes
After tilting the flask > microbes began to appear
Conclusion: life comes from life
Spontaneous Generation is false
20
Q
the science of where + when disease occurs
A
Epidemiology
21
Q
Ignaz Semmelwies
A
Came up with handwashing after recording data from lying in hospitals in Vienna.
2 sides of hospital had different death rates due to autopsies
Fevers/deaths reduce by 2/3
22
Q
John Snow
A
Discovered the source of an outbreak of diarrhea in a certain hospital to be a water source in town using a map and pins
23
Q
Prevention of infectious disease
Developed in the 14th century
A
Vaccination
24
Q
Edward Jenner
A
Discovered that he can immunize people from smallpox by injecting them with the cowpox virus
Published pamphlet on how to vaccinate
25
Who created Antisepsis?
Joseph Lister (Amputative Surgeon)
26
What did Lister do?
1/2 pts die due to infection. Read Semmelweises paper and Pasteurs germ theory paper. Started Antisepsis process by using PHENOL
27
Robert Kochs Postulates
Same microbe has to be found in every case
1. isolate microbe in culture
2. onnoculte healthy host with pure culture, cause disease
3. re-isolate microbe and see if its identical to original
28
What did Kochs lab invent?
solid/ food media
stains for viewing microbes + photographing them
aseptic techniques
29
Created magic bullet that would kill microbes and not tissue
SALVARSON, compound 606
First to view syphilis
Paul Ehrlich
30
Questions if microbes cause disease by examining yeast and bacteria in wine. Solution was to heat grape juice, then add yeast.
5 years and published paper stating that microbes cause disease
Germ Theory of Disease
Pasteur
31
Set standard for hygiene in nursing care, proved with statistics that it works
Florence Nightingale
32
3 reasons why slides are heat fixed?
>Dries the slide
>Kills bacteria
>Attaches bacteria to slide (or use FORMALIN)
33
What is the overall charge of bacteria?
-
34
What is the charge of dyes to stain bacteria?
+
35
What can you determine abt becateria using a SIMPLE STAIN?
1 (+) stain
size, shape, arrangement
36
What can you determine abt becateria using a DIFFERENTIAL STAIN?
2 (+) stains, size, shape, arrangement, cell envelope, produce endospores or have a waxy cell wall
37
Steps to GRAM STAIN
1. Add CRYSTAL VIOLET rinse with DIH2O, bacteria is purple
2. Add IODINE (1 min), rinse, makes CV 1 molecule
3. Add DECOLORIZER (acetone-alcohol) (2-5 sec), rinse
>Gram + CV is trapped in thick cell wall,
>Gram - are colorless bc cell wall is too thin
4. Puddle + SAFRONIN, rinse
>Gram + stays purple
>Gram - turns pink
38
Stains used in GRAM STAIN
Crystal Violet and Safronin
39
Who created the gram stain and what did he study in Berlin?
Hans Christian Gram
What was causing Pnemonia
40
What do you use ACID FAST stain for?
Mycobacterium (TB, leprosy)
Nocardia (skin+lung infections)
To see if cell was contains MYCOLIC ACID
41
Steps in ACID FAST stain:
1. Begin on slide warm. Add paper, puddle (+) CARBOL FUSCHIN (2 min)
>Turns pink
2.Take off the paper and rinse with DIH2O
3. Decolorize with acid-alcohol (2-5 sec)
>ACID FAST bacteria have MYCOLIC ACID--stays PINK
4.Puddle (+) METHYLENE BLUE on smear (1 min)
>NON-acid fast stain turns the rest BLUE
42
Three differential stains
Gram stain
Acid fast
Endospore stain
43
What is ENDOSPORE STAIN used for?
Bacillus + Clostridium and produces spores
44
handy, dormant, resistant structure
Endospores
45
ENDOSPORE STAIN procedure:
1. Begin on slide warmer with paper and MALACHITE GREEN (5min)
2. Move slide from heat (5 min)
3. Remove paper, rinse with DIH2O
46
100,000 x total magnification
Scans electrons SURFACES
SEM: scanning electron microscope
47
20,000,000 x total magnification
slices to views organelles, views viruses
TEM+ transmission electron microscope
48
What are the 2 major morphologies of bacteria?
Cocci and Bacillia
49
2+ round bacteria produce separately in this
Single Cocci Arrangment
50
2 round bacteria remain attached
Diplococci Arrangment
51
Long chains of round bacteria remain attached in 1 plane
Streptococci
52
BF is 2 planes, 4 round bacteria remain attached
Tetrads Cocci Arrangment
53
BF is 3 planes, 8 round bacteria remain attached
Sarcinae Cocci Arrangment
54
BF in random planes, clusters of bacteria remain attached
Staphylococci Arrangment
55
BF in 1 plane, 2 rod bacteria produce separate
Single Bacilli Arrangment
56
BF in 1 plane, long chains of bacteria remain attached
Streptobacilli Arrangment
57
BF 1 plane, 2 bacteria remain attached in a V shape
Palisade/V-shape Bacilli Arrangment
58
Science of classifying living organims
Taxonomy
59
Process of putting things into groups based on similarities
Classification
60
How to write binomial nomenclature:
Genus species (must be italicized)
61
R. Whittaker's Taxonomic scheme is based on:
Linnean Taxonomy
62
Linnaean Taxonomy:
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Genus
Family
Species
63
R. Whittakers taxonomic scheme:
5 KINGDOMS:
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protozoa
Prokaryotae (Monera)
64
What is C. Woese taxonomic scheme?
3 Domains: based on sequencing of Ribosomal DNA
-Archae
-Bacteria
-Eukaryota
65
What kindgdom and domain are prokaryotes?
K: Monera D: Archae and Bacteria
66
Hairlike structure that functions in motility
Arrangement:
Polar: 1 flagellum
Peritichous: all-over bacteria
Run + Tumble movement
Flagella
67
Sticky proteinaceous extensions on bacteria
Shorter than flagella, many the bacterium
Functions: attaches to surfaces, formation in biofilm (plaque)
Fimbria
68
Long protein extensions
Longer than Fimbria, shorter than flagella
1-10 on bacterium
Functions: sex, sends DNA through it
used as grappling hooks
Pili
69
May include: outer membrane, cell wall, cell membrane
Cell envelope
70
Functions in structure and shape
Made up of PEPTIDOGLYCANS (300 layers) + NAM + NAG sugars + AA
Also anchors wall to underlying cell member. by TEICHOIC ACID
Cell wall
71
4 Cell basics:
1. Have DNA
2. Cytoplasm/sol
3. Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
4. Cell membrane
72
Basic unit of life
Cell
73
Proteinatious sticky substance made of polypeptides and polysaccharides
Has:
"capsule" and
"slime layer"
Glycocalyx
74
What does the glycocalyx protect the bacteria from?
Drying, chemicals, environmentals stressors, loss of nutrients
Also decreases phagocytosis
75
What else does glycocalyx have to offer?
Can be eaten when there isn't enough nutrients
Clings and attaches itself to surfaces
76
Hair-like structure
Functions: motility
Flagella (plural)
Flagellum (singular)
77
Arrangments of flagella
Polar: 1
Peritrichous: all over bacteria
78
Run + tumble
Run: counterclockwise
Tumble: clockwise
79
Sticky bristle-like proteinaceous extensions from bacteria
Shorter than flagella and have many
Fimbria
80
What is the function of fimbria?
Attaches itself to surfaces and forms BIOFILM
81
Long protein extensions that aid in attachment to surfaces like grappling
Sex between bacteria (DNA through Pilus)
Pili (plural)
Pilus (singular)
82
What is the function of cell walls?
structure
shape
protects frmo osmotic forces
83
What is the cell wall made of gram + bacteria and what does it look like?
Peptidoglycan (protein/amino acid + sugar)
(300 layer)
Alternating molecules of NAG and NAM that are weaved into 4 amino acids
84
What anchors the cell wall to the cell membrane in Gram POSITIVE bacteria?
Also adds to ion permeability
Teichoic acids
85
What is the cell envelope of Gram NEGATIVE bacteria made of?
Outer membrane (protects cell wall)
Cell wall
Cell membrane
86
What is the outer membrane (g negative) made of ?
Lipopolyshaccharides (LPS)
Phospholipids
Proteins
87
Whats the difference of gram NEGATIVES cell wall?
Its only 2-3 layers
88
storage for excess nurtients for when needed
Inclusions
89
Hardy, dormant, resistant.
Surrounded by peptidoglycan
Forms when bacteria are under stress and won't survive (antibio., no nutrients)
Only 2 genera of bracteria produce them.
Endospores
90
Bacteria that turns into endospores
Bacillus
Clostridium
91
What is it called when bacteria form endospores?
Then go back?
Sporulation (6-8 hrs)
Germination (1.5 hrs)
92
How are endospores made?
Copy DNA surrounded by a double membrane surrounded by a peptidoglycan
93
Different energy sources:
Light: photo
Organic: hetero
Inorganic: litho
CO2: autotroph
94
Photoautotroph
ES: light
CS: CO2`
95
Photoheterotroph
ES: light
CS: organic compounds
96
Lithoautotroph
ES: Inorganic molecules
CS: CO2
97
Heterotroph
ES: organic compounds
CS: organic compounds
98
What are the chemical requirement for microbrial growth?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
99
50% of dry weight of microbes, needed to build lipids, proteins, nucleic acis
Carbon
100
12-15% of dry weight of microbes, main source is from earths atmosphere (79% atm.)
Builds proteins, ATP, nucleic acids
Nitrogen
101
usually get from water
Hydrogen
102
Air is 20%, 0.3% CO2
Need it to build carbohydrates, lipids, fats, nucleic acids
Oxygen
103
Required to have oxygen
Use aerobic energy production for ATP (38 ATP, ETC: O)
If no oxygen, fermentation but not long term
Obligate aerobe
104
No oxygen required, (O kills them)
Anaerobic energy production> 38 ATP (ETC: NO-3 + SO-4)
Obligate anaerobe
105
Prefers oxygen at 1-10% (atm. 20%)
Aerobic energy production, fermentation
Microaerophile
106
Uses anaerobic energy production, ferments.
Ignores oxygen
Aerotolerant anaerobes
107
Aerobic + anaerobic production + ferments
Can survive anywhere, produces ATP everywhere
Facultative Anaerobe
108
Requires and loves higher CO2 (3-10% CO2)
Capriophile
109
Cold loving
Below 15 degress celcius
(Not human pathogens, food spoilage)
Psychrophile
110
Thrive in moderate temp.
20-40 degress celsius
(Human pathogens, human body temp is 37 C)
Mesophile
111
Heat loving microbe at about 45-80 degress celsius
(compost pile)
Thermophile
112
Extreme heat loving microbe at over 80 degrees celsius
(live in geysers)
Hyperthermophile
113
Iron, copper, and zinc act as _________
cofactors for enzymes
114
Phosphorus is used for ____________
membranes = phospholipid bilayer
115
What is sulfur used for?
Productions of proteins
116
grows best in PH 6.5-7.5
Neutrophile
117
Grows in acidic conditions less than 6.5 PH
Acidophile
118
Grows in alkaline conditions PH greater than7.5-11.5
Alkalinophiles
119
Synthetic media, exact comp. is known, expensive and not common
Defined media
120
Composition varies from batch to batch, Contains extracts (meat, yeast, protein) we use Trypticase Soy Media > soy extract
Complex media
121
Encourages growth of wanted microbes while inhibiting the growth of unwanted microbes. Generally mannital salt agar > high salt concentration
***Staphylococcus on skin
Selective media
122
Makes it easier to distinguish different types of bacteria > blood agar > what does bacteria do to cells? (Burst, bruise, ignore)
Some media is selective and ________
Differential media
123
Short term microbe preservation
Refrigerate
124
Long term microbe preservation
Deep freeze, 50-90 C for years
125
Super long term microbe preservation
LYOPHILIZATION: turn into a powder
126
time required for bacteria to divide by binary fission
Generation time
127
Stages of bacteria growth
LAG
LOG (most susceptible to damage)
STATIONARY
DEATH
128
Iron, copper, zinc can act as
Cofactors for enzymes
129
Organic molecules can act as
Coenzymes
130
Why do we not rinse capsule stains under water?
Bacterial capsules are soluble in water
