exam 1 Flashcards
(195 cards)
1
Q
what is a castrated male horse?
A
gelding
2
Q
what is an immature male horse?
A
colt
3
Q
what is an immature female horse?
A
filly
4
Q
what does parturition mean?
A
the act of giving birth
5
Q
what are ovine?
A
sheep
6
Q
what is a mature male sheep?
A
ram
7
Q
what is a mature male horse?
A
stallion
8
Q
what is a mature female horse?
A
mare
9
Q
what is a mature female sheep?
A
ewe
10
Q
what is a castrated male sheep?
A
wether
11
Q
what is an immature male sheep?
A
ram lamb
12
Q
what is an immature female sheep?
A
ewe lamb
13
Q
what is a newborn sheep called?
A
lamb
14
Q
What is the parturition process of a sheep?
A
lambing
15
Q
what are porcine?
A
pigs
16
Q
what is a mature male pig?
A
boar
17
Q
what is a mature female pig?
A
sow
18
Q
what is a castrated male pig?
A
barrrow
19
Q
what is an immature male pig?
A
pig
20
Q
what is an immature female pig?
A
gilt
21
Q
what is a newborn pig called?
A
shout/piglet
22
Q
what is the parturition process of a pig?
A
farrowing
23
Q
what is an immature male bovine?
A
bull calf/bullock
24
Q
What are caprine?
A
goats
25
What is a mature male goat?
billy/buck
26
what is a mature female goat?
nanny/doe
27
what is a castrated male goat?
wether
28
what is an immature male goat?
buckling
29
what is am immature female goat?
doeling
30
what is a newborn goat?
kid
31
what is the parturition process of a goat?
kidding
32
what is a mature male cat?
tom
33
What is a mature female cat?
queen
34
what is a castrated male cat?
gib
35
what is the parturition process of a cat?
queening
36
what is a castrated male chicken?
capon
37
what is an immature male chicken?
cockerel
38
what is an immature female chicken?
pullet
39
What does it mean when an animal is considered “wild?”
not domesticated
40
what are domestic animals?
animals used for work, food source, pet, etc; subject to selective breeding for human purposes
41
how many major species have been domesticated?
15
42
what are feral animals?
animals that have returned to living in a “wild” state or condition
43
how many years of domestication have modern day dogs been through?
12,000 years
44
how many years of domestication have horses been through?
7,000 years
45
can you undomestimate an animal?
no
46
are there wild horses in the US?
no
47
which domesticated species often readily becomes feral?
cats
48
what is a tame animal?
an animal that is relatively tolerant of human presence (wild or domesticated)
49
what are introduced species?
not native; believed to be beneficial to mankind (wild or domesticated)
50
what is an invasive species?
not native; believed to cause some sort of damage
51
what can make the difference between introduced and invasive?
perception of good or bad
52
do many civilizations exist without domestication?
no; the ones that do exist are hunters and gatherers
53
why do more developed civilizations typically have domesticated animals?
able to move attention from hunting and gathering in order to do things like art and trade
54
were plants or animals domesticated first? why?
plants; easier bc they don’t move, bite, etc.
55
why are there so few domesticated species?
because once a species filled a role, there was no need to for something else that would fall into the same role
56
what are the magnificent 7?
dog, cat, goat, sheep, cow, horses, pigs
57
what is the theory of intentional domestication?
people are trying to create offspring that are more friendly to humans; strict captivity, trait standardization, genetic firewall (minimize genes from wild species), intentional breeding; first they are being raised for tameness and then whatever they want to use that animal for
58
what is the theory of self-domestication?
when an animal is domesticated on their own by receiving some benefit from being close to humans (ex. trash: dog gets closer to humans and their trash, eats more, more likely to survive)
59
horses = equine, cows = bovine, mouse = ?
murine
60
what animals self domesticated? (out of the main 7)
dog, cat, mouse, pig
61
what are the ancestors of modern day sheep?
Mouflon
62
what animals were subject to intentional domestication? (out of main 7)
sheep, goats, cows, horses
63
what are the ancestors of goats?
bezoar/ ibex
64
horse = equine, sheep = ?
ovine
65
what is the only domesticated animal from africa?
donkey
66
why were cattle ultimately domesticated?
they became associated with wealth
67
what’s the ancestor for chickens?
red jungle fowl
68
why would you alter the age structure among herds?
eliminate problematic males because you can have one bull for a lot of heifers
69
what is the only domesticated native species to come from north america? (main 15)
turkeys
70
what does dromedary mean?
a camel with one hump
71
what does bactrian mean?
a camel with two humps
72
what are some results of domestication?
size, tameness, behavior changes, growth, appearance, etc.
73
what does propagate mean?
breed specimens by natural processes from the parent stock
74
what domesticated and wild species came out of south america?
guinea pigs
75
what domesticated and wild species came out of europe?
rabbits
76
what domesticated and wild species came out of russia/scandinavia?
caribou/ reindeer
77
what are nutrients?
compounds of the animals diet required for normal physiological function
78
what are the five nutrient requirements?
water, energy, protein, vitamins, minerals
79
what is prehension?
method to gather or collect nutrients to enter digestive system
80
what is mastication?
mechanical digestion
81
what is microbial digestion?
animal has symbiotic relationships with microbes that help break down food
82
what is eliminated from the digestive system?
material consumed that is indigestible/ non-digestible
83
how much of a carnivores diet is animal based?
80-90%
84
what kind of digestion happens in carnivores?
chemical digestion and very limited microbial digestion
85
what is the diet of an omnivore?
meat and highly digestible plant materials
86
what kind of digestion do omnivores do?
chemical digestion and some microbial digestion (species dependent)
87
what is the diet of an herbivore?
primarily forages, low digestible plant components (high fiber)
88
what kind of digestion does an herbivore do?
primarily microbial digestion with chemical digestion secondary
89
what are the characteristics of a monogastric digestive system?
single chambered gastric stomach
90
what consumer groups have monogastric digestive systems?
carnivores and omnivores
91
where does digestion begin?
in the mouth
92
what are characterizations of a ruminant digestive system?
multichambered stomach and fermentation availability
93
what is another name for a ruminant?
fore-gut fermentator
94
what are characteristics of a non-ruminant herbivore’s digestive system?
true monogastric with significant microbial fermentation abilities
95
what type of digestive system is found in avians?
modified monogastric
96
what does “modified monogastric” mean?
same organs, different order
97
what does pH stand for
power of Hydrogen
98
what is unique about the esophagus of a ruminant?
it’s a two-way system
99
what happens in the proximal region of the small intestine?
chemical digestion (milder than in stomach)
100
what happens in the distal region of the small intestine?
mostly nutrient absorption
101
why is there a lot of blood flow to the small intestine?
for nutrients to enter the blood stream
102
what does a bigger esophagus imply?
lesser mastication ability
103
what happens in the cecum if it is functional?
microbial digestion
104
what happens in the large intestine?
mostly water metabolism and some nutrient absorption
105
is the GI tract of a carnivore longer or shorter than that of an omnivore
shorter
106
what are the five nutrient requirements?
1. water
2. energy
3. proteins
4. vitamins
5. minerals
107
what are the four chambers of a ruminant stomach in the order that food travels through?
1. rumen/reticulum
2. rumen/reticulum
3. omasum
4. abomasum
108
how do herbivores chew?
circularly
109
what is the function of the reticulum?
bolus formation and to collect indigestible material
110
what is hardware disease?
the heart is in front of the reticulum and ruminants can swallow things like wire, nails, etc. which can irritate the heart
111
what is the treatment for hardware disease?
feeding the ruminants magnets to gather the metal materials together
112
what takes place in the rumen?
microbial digestion/ microbial fermentation
113
what is the capacity of the rumen?
50 to 60 gallons
114
what is the omasum?
separator/strainer; sorts material between the rumen and the rest of the GI tract
115
what is not allowed to pass by the omasum?
big stuff that can still be masticated more
116
what happens in the abomasum?
chemical digestion
117
what cannot be digested via chemical digestion?
cellulose
118
what can be digested by chemical digestion?
starch and glycogen
119
why can pigs digest some cellulose?
they have a functioning cecum
120
what is the significance of volatile fatty acids to ruminants?
major end product of microbial fermentation; provide 80% at most of energy for the ruminant
121
what is the significance of volatile fatty acids to non-ruminant herbivores?
provide 60% at most of energy substrate
122
what does glycogen do?
glucose storage
123
what is cellulose?
glucose arrangements for structural support
124
what does it mean if a horse is colic?
it has an issue with the GI tract
125
what is caprophagy?
eating feces to get microbes; good for non-ruminant herbivores to grow their microbial population
126
how many hours a day do horses often eat?
20 hours
127
what is the rate of passage?
how long it takes food to get through the GI tract
128
what is the rate of passage for bovine?
80% in 70-90 hours
129
what is the rate of passage for equine?
85% in 35 to 50 hours
130
what is the crop?
pouch in the avian GI tract; located outside the body cavity; mild chemical digestion and moistening of ingested materials
131
what is unique about the location of the crop?
it is located outside the body cavity
132
what is the function of the crop?
mild chem digestion; moistens digested food
133
what is the proventriculus?
avian gastric stomach that does chemical digestion
134
what is the function of the gizzard?
mastication by smushing the food
135
what is grit?
small rocks that birds consume to aid mechanical digestion and for minerals
136
how does grit benefit mechanical digestion?
increases surface area, helps break up the food by having something hard to grind the food with
137
what does ceca mean?
cecum x2
138
what makes up 60% of an animal’s body composition?
water
139
what makes up 16% of an animal’s body composition?
protein
140
what makes up 2-20% of an animal’s body composition?
fat
141
what makes up 4% of an animal’s body composition?
ash (mineral)
142
what are nutrient classes?
substances that provide each specific nutrient
143
what are the nutrient classes for energy?
fats and carbohydrates
144
what is the nutrient class for proteins?
amino acids
145
what is commonly the most limiting nutrient?
energy
146
what is the first concern when balancing a ration?
energy
147
when creating and balancing a ration it is assumed that ____ is available.
water
148
what is starch?
carbohydrate that is the chief form of stored energy in plants
149
what is cellulose?
carbohydrate that is the main component of the cell walls of most plants
150
what is glycogen?
carbohydrate that is stored in the liver and the muscles in animals
151
low in fiber = ?
high in energy
152
glucose, fructose, and galactose are…
monosaccharides
153
sucrose =
glucose + fructose
154
lactose =
glucose + galactose
155
maltose =
glucose + glucose
156
what cannot be digested chemically?
cellulose
157
what do monogastrics get energy from?
simple CHO’s / glucose
158
where do ruminants and non-ruminant herbivores get their energy?
simple CHOs and volatile fatty acids (primary)
159
what has 2.25x more energy than carbohydrates?
lipids/fats
160
what causes loss of energy?
heat, fecal, and urine/gases
161
what do amino acids make up in the body?
muscles, ligaments, connective tissue, and tendons
162
where do ruminants get protein that monogastrics don’t?
digesting microbes
163
how many macrominerals are there?
7
164
how many microminerals are there?
11
165
what is calcium and what does it construct?
a macromineral; bone, teeth, nerve and muscle function
166
what do sodium, potassium, and chlorine maintain?
osmotic balance, nerve function, and muscle function
167
what is the function of iron when digested?
hemoglobin (oxygen transport)
168
what is the function of fat-soluble vitamins?
can be stored; have a down rate of metabolic breakdown
169
what is the function of vitamin A?
cell growth; can be stored in liver for up to six months
170
what is the function of vitamin D?
bone formation
171
what is vitamin K?
clotting factors
172
what is vitamin E?
red blood cells
173
what are water soluble vitamins?
can’t be stored, must be constantly replaced
174
what is the function of B-complex vitamins?
many different functions regarding metabolism
175
what is vitamin C?
antioxidant
176
what vitamin deficiency causes scurvy? what are symptoms?
vitamin C; swollen, bleeding, ulcerated gums, loosened teeth, weak bones, and hemorrhaging
177
what physical changes do an animal’s nutrient requirements change due to?
weight/size, state of production, level of production, work, and age
178
what environmental changes do an animal’s nutrient requirements change due to?
climate, physical activity, and diseases/parasites
179
what are roughages?
plant material; high in fiber = low in energy
180
What are the two types of roughages?
Proteinaceous and carbonaceous
181
What is fiber?
Cellulose and more complex cellulose
182
What type of animals are roughages important to? Why?
Ruminants and non-ruminant herbivores; it is critical for providing a feed substrate for microbial digestion and maintain GI tract integrity
183
What are proteinaceous roughages?
A plant source that is higher in protein (created protein >15% )
184
What is the created protein % of grasses?
7 -9%
185
What does constant roughages do to the GI tract?
It keeps it distended
186
What is the length of a sheep's small intestine?
About 112 ft.
187
What is the length of a dog's small intestine?
About 40 ft.
188
What are examples of proteinaceous roughages?
Legumes, alfalfa, and clovers
189
What are carbonaceous roughages?
Plant source that is low in created protein and high in fiber; most grasses
190
What are examples of carbonaceous roughages?
Bermuda, Timothy, orchard grass, crop residue, etc.
191
What percentage of proteins are crude proteins?
35-90%
192
What is crude proteins?
A measure of the amount of protein in a feed determined as the amount of nitrogen multiplied by 6.25.
193
What is glosypol?
A natural pesticide (neurotoxin protein concentrate)
194
What are nutrient additives?
Addition/availability of vitamins and minerals; essential for life support
195
What are non-nutrient additives?
Additives that alter metabolism aka not nutrients by influence metabolism/digestion
