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Brain and behavior > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

trephining

A

drilling a hole in the skull to release evil spirits

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2
Q

edwin smith surgical papyrus (ancient egypt)

A

recognize significance of nervous system
believe paralysis is due to damage to nervous system

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3
Q

Quran, old & new testament

A

never mention the brain only the heart
liver source of passion
stomach source of courage
bowels source of pity

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4
Q

Aristotle

A

mental capacities is a function of the heart
brain is a cooling system for blood

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5
Q

blood humor

A

sanguine
enthusiastic and social

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6
Q

yellow bile humor

A

choleric
decisive and goal oriented

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7
Q

black bile humor

A

melancholic
analytical, deep thinker/feeler

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8
Q

phlegm humor

A

phlegmatic
peaceful and quiet

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9
Q

Galen
“father of medicine”

A

dissected mortally wounded gladiators and animals
_____ transmitted info to and from brain
behavior created by animal spirits in the nerves
poor understanding of anatomy

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10
Q

divinci

A

intricate drawings of anatomy

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11
Q

Descartes

A

control of behavior is spinal reflexes
dualism (mind separate from body)
pineal gland is the seat of the soul

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12
Q

wilis

A

brain is an ordered system made by god

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13
Q

phrenology

A

bumps on head reveals one character
helps establish localized behavior

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14
Q

brocca

A

patients with damage to specific brain area struggle to produce speech

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15
Q

lashley

A

specific lesions failed to find specific area for memory
more critical damage leads to poorer performance

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16
Q

Antonj van Leeuwenhoek

A

invented the light microscope

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17
Q

camillo Golgi

A

made stain for neurons
nervous system was interconnected fibers

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18
Q

Santiago Ramon Cajal

A

nervous system is seperate individual cells
used Golgi stain for discovery

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19
Q

luigi Galvani

A

bio electricity using dead frog (legs)

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20
Q

otto loewi

A

used heart to determine chemicals influence electrical activity

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21
Q

Donald Hebb

A

electrical stimulation of neurons strengthened concentration?
basis of learning

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22
Q

between-subject design

A

in control OR experimental condition

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23
Q

within-subjects design

A

subject experiences ALL conditions at some point

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24
Q

correlational design

A

measure two variables without manipulation

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25
somatic intervention
manipulate physiology to measure change in behavior gives mechanism of action
26
behavioral intervention
manipulate behavior and measure physiology
27
CT scan
picture of brain using radiation excellent structural information can't detect activiity
28
PET scan
chemical traces associated with proteins in the body good at location and level of activity of a specific NT poor resolution
29
MRI
radio frequency pulses spin hydrogen atoms different tissues behave differently high resolution and no radiation can not detect activity
30
FMRI
measure oxygenated blood high resolutions, detects activity, no radiation can't detect specific neurotransmitters assumes blood correlates with neural activity
31
diffusion tensor tech (DTI)
detects movement of water in axons tells what are connected does not show direction
32
EEG/ERP/MEG
detects electrical activity through skull electrical picture of the brain useful for sleep or epilepsy difficult to pinpoint activity
33
single cell recording
implant recording electrode into single neuron can record activity in free moving animal limited by electrode stability
34
Golgi stain
shows entire neuron
35
Nisil stain
shows only cell body
36
fluorescent microscopy
sample treated with light emitting chemical degrades so needs fast acting
37
Protein/MRNA blotting
quantitative, non-subjective, reliable way to count cells optical density lose anatomical resolution more objective than cell counting
38
micro-dialysis
measures levels of neurotransmitters in free moving animal difficult to detect some molecules
39
brain lesions
determines if behavior depends on brain area
40
electric lesions
insert electrode and apply current non-selective
41
neurotoxic lesions
insert cannula and deliver toxin destroys only cell body
42
drugs
various ways of administration can discover that certain molecules in certain brain region importance for behavior requires brain surgery, drug specificity, drug can diffuse into other areas
43
deep brain stimulation
implant micro-electrode and apply electrical current used for parkinsons and some types of depression ID brain function devices can cause problems
44
transcranial magnetic stimulator (TMS)
apply magnetic pulse through skull via wire coil slow pulses used to treat depression and motor diseases enhance attention and memory in healthy controls ID cortical area function, activate or inactivate neurons no deep brain structures
45
optogenetics
specific neurons turn on or off when hit by a wavelength of light precisely determine neurons important for a behavior limited by surgical/clinical ability
46
genetic engineering
gene expression leds to a change in proteins endless possibilities ethical issues
47
multipolar neuron
several dendrites, on axon most common type
48
bipolar neuron
one dendrite, one axon found in visual system
49
unipolar
one process divided, no axon dendrite spinal cord (sensory)
50
dendrick spine
protrusion from dendrite increases surface area for connections
51
glial cells
90% of cells in the brain
52
astrocytes
provide nutrients to the neurons from blood fragmentation of synapses
53
microglial cells
remove debris from neural damage maintain synapses effect perception of pain role in Alzheimer's, takes away good synapses
54
oligodendrocytes and schwann cells
provide myelin around axons
55
nerves
multiple axons bundled together in PNS
56
tracts
multiple axons bundled together in the CNS
57
somatic NS
motor neurons sensory neurons
58
autonomic NS
innervates vital organs
59
sympathetic NS
fight, flight, or freeze stress made for quick on.off
60
parasympathetic NS
brings body to rest
61
brain protection
1) skull and menages 2) ventricles 3) blood brain barrier
62
rostral
anterior
63
caudal
posterior
64
ventral
inferior
65
dorsal
superior
66
ipsolateral
same side
67
contralateral
different side
68
white matter
myelinated axons bundles of axons
69
grey matter
cell bodies ganglion in PNS
70
frontal lobe
planning flexible, creative, adaptive, emotion
71
occipital lobe
vision
72
temporal lobe
hearing and memory
73
parietal lobe
touch
74
corpus collosum
connect hemispheres
75
thalamus
sensory relay station
76
hypothalamus
hormone release vital functions motivate behaviors
77
basal ganglia
caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus voluntary movement
78
nucleus accomdond
pleasure works with ventral tegmental area
79
limbic system
hippocampus femex and mammillary bodies amygdala cingulate cortex olfactory bulb
80
hippocampus femex and mammillary bodies
learning and memory
81
amygdala
emotion
82
cingulate cortex
attention
83
olfactory bulb
smell
84
mid brain structures
superior colliculi inferior colliculi substantia nigra periaqueductal grey reticular formation basal forebrain
85
superior colliculi
vision
86
inferior colliculi
auditory
87
substantia nigra
dopamine producing neurons
88
periaqueductal grey
pain perception opioid receptors
89
reticular formation
arousal
90
basal forebrain
sleep
91
hindbrain structures
medulla pons cerebellum
92
medulla
bridge between brain and spinal cord heatrate and repiration
93
pons
motor control and REM sleep
94
cerebellum
coordinates motor activity motor learning

Brain and behavior (3 decks)

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