Exam 1 Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
The perception aspect of a social problems existences is at the heart of which sociological viewpoint?
A
Constructionist
2
Q
Which of the following would be considered a Social entity?
A
All of the above ( news media, interest groups, politicians)
3
Q
What is the name of the second stage of the natural history of a social problem?
A
Legitimacy
4
Q
The term used to appreciate the structural basis for individual problems is called?
A
Sociological imagination
5
Q
According to sociologist, William Ryan, whom do most Americans blame for poverty and unemployment?
A
Victims
6
Q
Which of the following would be considered a major assumption of the functionalism theory in sociology?
A
Social stability is necessary for a strong society
7
Q
Which person below would be considered a proponent of conflict theory?
A
Karl Marx
8
Q
Which theory most supports social change to reduce inequality?
A
Conflict theory
9
Q
Which of the following theories would look at a bank robbery and demand changes in society’s economic structure?
A
Conflict theory
10
Q
Using experiments in research is particularly good to determine…
A
Cause and effect
11
Q
What is the major downside of a face-to-face survey?
A
Expensive
12
Q
What is a major disadvantage of the observation research method?
A
Hard to generalize
13
Q
The first step in the scientific method process is called?
A
Hypothesis
14
Q
The beauty of a random sample is?
A
Allows for generalization
15
Q
If you are a member of the ______ you are part of the working class?
A
Proletariat
16
Q
What race has the most poor people? ( total number, not percentage)
A
White
17
Q
What area of the United States has the highest poverty rate?
A
South
18
Q
One theory about the poor asserts that poor people have beliefs and practices that doom them to continued poverty. Another name for this is?
A
Culture of poverty
19
Q
The belief that society must compensate skilled workers more than non-skilled is primarily a part of which theory?
A
Functionalist
20
Q
Why is there less poverty in other western nations, according to the research sited in the text?
A
All of the above ( stronger unions, higher minimum wage, higher social expenditures, higher housing allowances)
21
Q
Which of the following is NOT an example of dependency theory?
A
Wealthy nations have settled their historical debts to poor countries
22
Q
Which of the following the modernist theory believe that Western Europe did to get wealthy?
A
All of the above ( future orientation, rejected maintaining the status quo, hard work, new ways of thinking)
23
Q
The US poverty rate has increased due to the us government cutting back on its commitment AND what other major reasons?
A
Loss of well paying manufacturing jobs
24
Q
The high rate of female poverty is called the ___________________
A
Feminization of poverty
25
Which of the following are "correct" examples of modernization theory?
All of the above (beliefs, values, culture, practices)
26
Which of the following would be examples of functionalist theory?
All of the above ( Poor people do the work that others don’t want to do, programs for poor people provide good jobs for others, poor people boy goods that others don't such as day-old bread, poor people provide work for low quality doctors and lawyers)
27
Which of the following groups has the lowest percentage of poor people?
Non - Latino whites
28
When of the following statements pest describes children's knowledge about their families’ financial conditions, according to FrontLine, Poor Kids?
Children know that their families are poor, and they have a fairly good idea about how their families became poor
29
Which of the following statement best describes the result of the ten year follow up of children in Frontline, Poor Kids?
Many of the families were still poor, but some made progress by finishing school and getting jobs
30
Which of the following stertements are true about Frontline, Poor Kids?
A and B are both false ( A. None of the children understood why their family became poor, B. All families interviewed inter video became poor because of problems within the families, and the economy had little impact on how they became poor)
31
People from different races have what percent of their DNA the same?
99%
32
People who become prejudiced because they are conforming to society's norms are examples of what theory?
Social learning theory
33
Group Threat Theory emphasizes what?
Economic competition and political competition (a and b)
34
Social distance measures individuals' feelings about?
Interacting with members of other races
35
Jim Crow racism has been replaced by?
Laissez-faire racism and symbolic racism (b and c)
36
According to the table regarding prejudice and discrimination, which of the following practices discrimination but not prejudice?
Fair weather liberals
37
The white owner of an apartment complex who refuses to rent to people of color is?
Prejudiced and discriminating (a and b)
38
Which of the following would be an example where institutional racism is evident?
Housing, Medical care, Education, Law enforcement (All of the above)
39
Which of the following groups has the highest percent in poverty?
Native American
40
Rejecting a home loan because of where the property is located is also called?
Redlining
41
Which ethnic group was the subject of the congressional act that prohibited their immigration in 1882?
Chinese
42
The white owner of a restaurant who serves people of color only because he is afraid of being sued is?
Timid bigot
43
According the the Contexts article, "Do Black Lives Increasingly Matter?" which of the following statements is true about 2017 statistics?
Blacks continue to be overrepresented among those killed by police under all circumstances, relative to size of the racial group in the whole population.
44
According the the Contexts article, "Do Black Lives Increasingly Matter?" which of the following statements is true about the trend since 2014?
The rate of Blacks and Hispanics who were unarmed when killed has decreased
45
According to the video, "Do You Have a Black Friend?" which statement is correct?
None of the white Americans interviewed said they did not have any black friends.
46
Recent anthropological evidence...
Challenges the evolutionary argument that men's tendency to commit violence was biologically transmitted
47
Which of the following concepts is defined as "a society's expectations of people's behavior and attitudes based on whether they are female or males".
Gender roles
48
Which of the following concepts is defined as "the social and cultural differences a society assigns to people based on their biological sex".
Gender
49
The belief that the equality of women can be achieved within out existing society by passing laws and reforming social, economic, and political institutions
Liberal feminism
50
The belief that gender equality can result only if fundamental changes in social institutions, and even a socialist revolution.
Socialist feminism
51
"Patriarchy" is defined as
Relating to male dominations
52
The gender gap in women pay...
Exists for all levels of education and Increases with higher levels of education (a and b)
53
Why do women's jobs pay less than men's jobs?
Women's care giving responsibilities are not values in society and Sex discrimination (a and b)
54
Which of these described the "glass escalator"?
It applies especially in occupations primarily filled by women and It represents the relative ease afforded men for promotion within the workplace (b and c)
55
Which country ranks highest for their women's involvement in their nation's economy and political life?
Sweden
56
Which of the following is NOT true regarding women?
They are more likely to be victims of violence of all kinds
57
In a Ted Talk "A Call to Men", Tony Porter argues that...
The idea of manhood should be redefined
58
In a Ted Talk, Tony Porter argues that men engage in sexual violence against women...
Because men feel the need to prove they are manly enough
59
According to the video, "The Founder of #MeToo Doesn't Want Us to Forget Victims of Color", which factors contribute to sexual violence against black women?
Racial oppression increases black men's anger and their violence against black women, and People are socialized to see black girls as sexual being. (Both A and B)
60
According to the video, "The Founder of #MeToo Doesn't Want Us to Forget Victims of Color", which action is recommended to reduce sexual violence against women of color?
Men need to think beyond wives and daughters in order to ensure all women of color are protected.
61
A _________ is any condition or behavior that has negative consequences for large numbers of people and that is generally recognized as a condition or behavior that needs to be addressed
Social problem
62
Emphasizes that a condition or behavior does not become a social problem unless there is a perception that it should be considered a social problem. In this view, many types of negative conditions and behaviors exist.
Social constructionist view
63
Stage 1: emergence and claims making
Stage 2: legitimacy
Stage 3: renewed claims making
Stings 4: development of alternative strategies
Natural history (stages) of a social problem
64
The _____ component, of a social problem, involves empirical evidence of the negative consequences of a social condition or behavior
Objective
65
The ____ component, of a social problem, involves the perception that the condition or behavior is indeed a problem that needs to be addressed
Subjective
66
____ refer to a problem affecting individuals that the affected individual, as well as other members of society, typically blame on the individual's own personal and moral failings (ex. Dworce, unemployment, and eating disorders)
Personal troubles
67
_____ refer to social problems affecting many individuals, the source lies in the social structure and culture of a society.
Public issues
68
__________ refers to the ability to appreciate the structural basis for individual problems.
Sociological imagination
69
Major assumptions: social stability is necessary for a strong society, and adequate socialization and social integration are necessary for social stability. Society's social institutions perform important functions to help ensure social stability. Slow social change is desirable, but rapid social change threatens social order.
Functionalism
70
Views of social problems: social problems weaken a society's stability but do not reflect fundamental faults in how the society is structured. Solutions to social problems should take the form of gradual social reform rather than sudden and far-reaching change. Despite their negative effects, social problems often also serve important functions for society.
Functionalism
71
Major assumptions: Society is characterized by pervasive inequality based on social class, race, gender, and other factors. Far-reaching social change is needed to reduce or eliminate social inequality and to create an egalitarian Society
Conflict theory
72
Views of social problems: social problems arise from fundamental faults in the structure of a society and both reflect and reinforce inequalities based on social class, race, gender, and other dimensions. Successful solutions to social problems must involve far-reaching change in the structure of society
Conflict theory
73
Major assumptions: people construct their roles as they interact; they do not merely learn the roles that society has set out for them. As this interaction occurs, individuals negotiate their definitions of the situations in which they find themselves and socially construct the reality of these situations. In so doing, they rely heavily on symbols such as words and gestures to reach a shared understanding of their interaction.
Symbolic interactionism
74
Views of social problems: social problems arise from the interaction of individuals. People who engage in socially problematic behaviors often learn these behaviors from other people. Individuals also learn their perceptions of social problems from other people.
Symbolic interactionism
75
Awareness of the reasons for their oppression, among workers
Class consciousness
76
Although many variations of _____ exist, they all emphasize that society is filled with gender inequality such that women are the subordinate sex in many dimensions of social, political, and economic life
Feminist theory
77
Advantages: Many people can be included. If given to a random sample of the population, the results can be generalized to the population.
Disadvantages: Large ones are expensive and time consuming. Although much information is gathered, this information is relatively superficial.
Survey
78
Advantages: If random assignment is used, these provide fairly convincing data on cause and effect.
Disadvantages: Because they do not involve random samples of the population and most often involve college students, their results cannot readily be generalized to the population.
Experiment
79
Advantages: These studies may provide rich, detailed information about the people who are observed.
Disadvantages: Because these studies do not involve random samples of the population, their results cannot readily be generalized to the population.
Observation (field research)
80
Advantages: Because this has already been gathered, the researcher does not have to spend the time and money to gather data.
Disadvantage: The data set that is being analyzed may not contain data on all the variables in which a sociologist is interested or may contain data on variables that are not measured in ways the sociologist prefers.
Existing data
81
In ______ observation, the researcher is part of the group that she or he is studying, spends time with the group, and might even live with people in the group.
participation
82
In _____ observation, the researcher observes a group of people but does not otherwise interact with them.
nonparticipant
83
A measure of official poverty. Based on the size of a family and a minimal food budget; this measure underestimates the true extent of poverty.
Poverty line
84
defined by the Census Bureau as being poor for at least two consecutive months in some time period
episodic poverty
85
Although people of color have higher poverty rates than non-Latino whites, the most typical poor person in the United States is _____
non-Latino white
86
The _____ childhood poverty rate is the highest of all Western democracies.
US
87
Labor force participation data indicate that the belief that poor people lack motivation to work is in fact _____
a myth
88
rankings of people based on wealth and other resources a society values
social stratification
89
Stratification is necessary to induce people with special intelligence, knowledge, and skills to enter the most important occupations. For this reason, stratification is necessary and inevitable.
Assumes:
1. Some jobs are more important than other jobs.
2. Some jobs require more skills and knowledge than other jobs.
3. Relatively few people have the ability to acquire the skills and knowledge that are needed to do these important, highly skilled jobs.
4. To encourage the people with the skills and knowledge to do the important, highly skilled jobs, society must promise them higher incomes or other rewards.
Functionalism
90
Stratification results from lack of opportunity and from discrimination and prejudice against the poor, women, and people of color. It is neither necessary nor inevitable.
Conflict theory
91
Stratification affects people’s beliefs, lifestyles, daily interaction, and conceptions of themselves.
Symbolic interactionism
92
Explanation of poverty that assumes poverty results from the fact that poor people lack the motivation to work and have certain beliefs and values that contribute to their poverty.
Individualistic
93
Explanation of poverty that assumes poverty results from problems in society that lead to a lack of opportunity and a lack of jobs.
Structural
94
Poor people are ___ likely to have several kinds of family problems, including divorce and family conflict.
more
95
Poor people are ____ likely to have several kinds of health problems.
more
96
Children growing up in poverty are ____ likely to graduate high school or go to college, and they are more
likely to commit street crime.
less
97
Assumes wealthy nations became wealthy because early on they were able to develop the necessary beliefs, values, and practices for trade, industrialization, and rapid economic growth to occur. Poor nations remained poor because they failed to develop these beliefs, values, and practices; instead, they continued to follow traditional beliefs and practices that stymied industrial development and modernization.
Modernization theory
98
Assumes the poverty of poor nations stems from their colonization by European nations, which exploited the poor nations’ resources and either enslaved their populations or used them as cheap labor. The colonized nations were thus unable to develop a professional and business class that would have enabled them to enter the industrial age and to otherwise develop their economies.
Dependency theory
99
People in poor nations live in the ____ conditions possible. Deadly diseases are ____, and many children die before reaching adolescence.
worst, common
100
According to some sociologists, a change in thinking about poverty and the poor and political action by and on behalf of the poor are ____ for a renewed effort to help poor Americans.
necessary
101
Potentially successful antipoverty programs and policies to help the US poor include ____ their employment opportunities and _____ them much greater amounts of financial and other aid.
expanding, providing
102
To help people in poor nations, _____ and _____ inequality must be addressed.
gender, ethnic
103
Social scientists warn that the status of people of color has been ____
worsening
104
refers to a category of people who share certain inherited physical characteristics, such as skin color, facial features, and stature
race
105
a concept that has no objective reality but rather is what people decide it is
social construction
106
refers to the shared social, cultural, and historical experiences, stemming from common national or regional backgrounds, that make subgroups of a population different from one another
ethnicity
107
a subgroup of a population with a set of shared social, cultural, and historical experiences; with relatively distinctive beliefs, values, and behaviors; and with some sense of identity of belonging to the subgroup
ethnic group
108
refers to a set of negative attitudes, beliefs, and judgments about whole categories of people, and about individual members of those categories, because of their perceived race and/or ethnicity
prejudice
109
the belief that certain racial or ethnic groups are inferior to one’s own
racism
110
___________ develop in childhood in response to parents who practice harsh discipline. Individuals with ________ emphasize such things as obedience to authority, a rigid adherence to rules, and low acceptance of people (out-groups) not like oneself
authoritarian personality
111
In this view individuals with various problems become frustrated and tend to blame their troubles on groups that are often disliked in the real world (e.g., racial, ethnic, and religious minorities). These minorities are thus scapegoats for the real sources of people’s misfortunes.
frustration theory (or scapegoat theory)
112
In this view, people who are prejudiced are merely conforming to the culture in which they grow up, and prejudice is the result of socialization from parents, peers, the news media, and other various aspects of their culture. Emphasizes conformity and socialization.
social learning theory
113
In this view, prejudice arises from competition over jobs and other resources and from disagreement over various political issues. When groups vie with each other over these matters, they often become hostile toward each other. Amid such hostility, it is easy to become prejudiced toward the group that threatens your economic or political standing. Emphasizes economic and political competition.
group threat theory
114
_______ holds that ethnic prejudice and conflict increase when two or more ethnic groups find themselves competing for jobs, housing, and other goals.
ethnic competition theory
115
Education and region of residence are related to racial prejudice among whites; prejudice is _____ among whites with lower levels of formal education and among whites living in the South.
higher
116
______________ has been replaced by symbolic or modern racism that emphasizes the cultural inferiority of people of color.
Jim Crow racism
117
Racial prejudice among whites is linked to certain views they hold about __________. Prejudice is associated with _____ support among whites for governmental efforts to help people of color and with greater support for a more punitive criminal justice system.
public policy, lower
118
refers to the arbitrary denial of rights, privileges, and opportunities to members of these groups
discrimination
119
People who are both prejudiced and discriminatory. An example of such a person is the white owner of an apartment building who dislikes people of color and refuses to rent to them
active bigots
120
People who are neither prejudiced nor discriminatory. An example would be someone who holds no stereotypes about the various racial and ethnic groups and treats everyone the same regardless of her or his background.
all-weather liberals
121
People who are prejudiced but who nonetheless do not discriminate. An example would be white restaurant owners who do not like people of color but still serve them anyway because they want their business or are afraid of being sued if they do not serve them.
timid bigots
122
People who are not prejudiced but who still discriminate. An example would be white store owners in the South during the segregation era who thought it was wrong to treat blacks worse than whites but who still refused to sell to them because they were afraid of losing white customers.
fair-weather liberals
123
discrimination that individuals practice in their daily lives, usually because they are prejudiced but sometimes even if they are not prejudiced
individual discrimination
124
Discrimination that pervades the practices of whole institutions, such as housing, medical care, law enforcement, employment, and education. This type of discrimination does not just affect a few isolated people of color. Instead, it affects large numbers of individuals simply because of their race or ethnicity.
institutional discrimination
125
Median family income: Lowest, highest
Native American, White
126
Persons who are college educated: Lowest, highest
Latino, White
127
Persons in poverty: Lowest, highest
Non-Latino white, Native Americans
128
Infant mortality (number of infant deaths per 1,000 births): Lowest, highest
Asian, African Americans
129
Racial and ethnic inequality takes a hidden toll on _________, as the stress they experience impairs their health and ability to achieve.
people of color
130
Although a belief in biological inferiority used to be an explanation for racial and ethnic inequality, this belief is now considered ____
racist
131
Cultural explanations attribute racial and ethnic inequality to certain cultural deficiencies among __________
people of color
132
Refers to special consideration for minorities and women in employment and education to compensate for the discrimination and lack of opportunities they experience in the larger society. Proponents think it is necessary to compensate for past and continuing racial and ethnic discrimination and lack of opportunity, while opponents think it discriminates against qualified whites.
Affirmative action
133
The genitalia are called
primary sex characteristics,
134
Other differences that develop during puberty, besides the genitalia, and stem from hormonal differences between the two sexes are
secondary sex characteristics
135
Other differences that develop during puberty, besides the genitalia, and stem from hormonal differences between the two sexes are
secondary sex characteristics
136
A social concept. It refers to the social and cultural differences a society assigns to people based on their (biological) sex
gender
137
Refers to a society’s expectations of people’s behavior and attitudes based on whether they are females or males
gender roles
138
Our beliefs about ourselves as females or males.
gender identity
139
refers to the cultural expectations we have of girls and women
Femininity
140
refers to the expectations we have of boys and men
masculinity
141
This intermediary category combines aspects of both femininity and masculinity of the society in which it is found and is thus considered an ______ gender.
androgynous
142
The process whereby individuals learn the culture of their society
Socialization
143
refers to the belief that women and men should have equal opportunities in economic, political, and social life
Feminism
144
refers to a belief in traditional gender role stereotypes and in the inherent inequality between men and women
sexism
145
_____ feminism believes that the equality of women can be achieved within our existing society by passing laws and reforming social, economic, and political institutions
Liberal
146
______ feminism blames capitalism for women’s inequality and says that true gender equality can result only if fundamental changes in social institutions, and even a socialist revolution, are achieved
Socialist
147
____ feminism, on the other hand, says that patriarchy (male domination) lies at the root of women’s oppression and that women are oppressed even in noncapitalist societies.
Radical
148
______ feminism emphasizes that women of color are oppressed not only because of their gender but also because of their race and class.
Multicultural
149
Sexist beliefs have _____ in the United States since the early 1970s.
declined
150
defined by federal guidelines and legal rulings and statutes, consists of unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or physical conduct of a sexual nature that is used as a condition of employment or promotion or that interferes with an individual’s job performance and creates an intimidating or hostile environment
sexual harassment
151
women are ____ likely than men to be victims of domestic violence, or violence between spouses and others with intimate relationships
more
152
men are ___ likely than women to be victims of violence of all kinds
more
153
the advantages that males automatically have in a patriarchal society whether or not they realize they have these advantages
male privilege
154
Certain government efforts, including increased financial support for child care, should help ____ gender inequality.
reduce
155
If gender inequality lessens, rape and sexual assault should ____ as well.
decrease
