Exam 1 Flashcards by Salam Mawas

Study of Human Development

-multidisciplinary; has areas from history, medicine, biology, etc.
-devoted to studying constancy and change in the time of conception and death

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domains of development

1) physical - body changes
2) cognitive - way we think, feel, conceptualize changes
3) socioemotional - how we relate to other people (friendships, relationships, family)

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Periods of development

1) prenatal - conception through birth
2) infancy to toddlerhood - birth to 2 yrs
3) early childhood - 2 to 6 yrs
4) middle childhood - 6 to 12 yrs
5) adolescence - 12 to 18 yrs
6) early/middle adulthood
7) late adulthood - 65 yrs to death

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Prenatal Development

-conception through birth
-quickest and most intense change
-lasts 40 weeks
-most susceptible to disruptions in change

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Infancy to Toddlerhood

-birth to 2 yrs old
-muscle increase and motor control
-begins crawling - then walking - then running
-begins talking
-starts learning to love their family and recognizing them

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Early Childhood

-2 to 6 yrs
-wanting to be independent
-starts telling jokes
-starts spending time with peers
-curious
-learning phonological awareness (recognizing letters and numbers, and their order)

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Middle Childhood

-6 to 12 yrs (depending on when child hits puberty)
-less time at home; more around peers
-learning sports (rules, positions - cognitive shifts, being on a team)
-reading

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Adolescence

-12 to 18 yrs old
-figuring out who they are
-sexual identity
-occupational identity
-abstract thought

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Early/Middle Adulthood

-early: 18-40 yrs old
-becoming parents
-occupation and family
-middle: 40-65 yrs old
-raising your own children and also taking care of aging parents

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Late Adulthood

-65 yrs to death
-may be longest developmental change (20-30 yrs)
-most change (loss of social development, loss of mobility)
-problem solving increase
-retirement allows new opportunity to focus on social relationships (grandkids)
-acceptance of death

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Basic Issues to Remember

1) individual differences
2) heredity, culture, social events
3) average children: simply an average
4) development is orderly
5) general to specific

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Lifespan Perspective:

Development is:
-lifelong
-multi-directional: seeing both gains and losses from conception to death
-plastic: change is possible
-influenced by multiple, interacting factors (culture, hereditary, context)

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Correlational Design

comparing the relation between 2 studies

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Experimental Design

conducting an experiment

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Quasi experiments

experiments where it is not ethical to have a TRUE experiment where the researcher manipulates the group.
Use people who have had covid rather than give people covid to study it.

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Longitudinal Design

studying small amount of people over a long period of time

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Cross-sectional Design

studying many groups of people at different ages
disadvantages:
-expensive
-not as effective because different ages play a big impact on study

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Sequential design

follows same group of different ages over time
-no cohort effect (effects a specific group of people)
-most expensive

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What is the genome?

-all of a living things genetic material
-entire set of hereditary instructions for building, running, maintaining an organism and passing life onto the next generation
-made up of chromosomes

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What are chromosomes?

a rod-shaped structure that contains basic building blocks of heredity (genes)

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What are genes?

segments of DNA

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Monozygotic twins

-identical: share 100% of genes
-is one zygote that has split
-epigenetics matters: how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work

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Dizygotic twins

-fraternal: share same amount of genes as regular siblings
-when 2 eggs get released and each were fertilized by separate sperm

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Behavioral genetics

field of study of how genetics and behavior are influencing our environment

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Range of reaction

our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, but experiences can determine where you fall in that range

Canalization

despite environmental factors, traits are driven by genetics -environment does not matter -learning to walk; talking

Passive

-kids have NO CHOICE but to be put in parents environments -kids put in environments that they will thrive in and don't get to choose

Evocative

-having a response to the environment you get put in -if it is a positive response, parents will keep putting you there

Active

-environment you're thriving in is where you would meet a partner and new generation of same environment occurs -can choose own environment you find confidence and success in

Gene-environment correlation

-passive -evocative -active

Prenatal development starts with ....

-conception (sperm making contact with the egg) -once sperm makes contact, egg demagnetizes and no other sperm can get in

Corpus luteum shoots out an egg every ____ days.

-28 -egg has 24 hours to be fertilized

____ feeds fertilized egg until placenta is formed

blood supply

if egg does not get fertilized....

uterine lining sheds (menstrual cycle)

placenta provides ____

-food and nutrients to developing organism -2 arteries remove waste -1 vein delivers nutrients

Period of the zygote is from

conception (week 1) to implantation

period of the embryo

after implantation (week 3-8)

First trimester:

- 1 to 12 weeks - period of the zygote - period of the embryo

Period of the Embryo contains:

-most rapid change -groundwork for all internal organs -most pregnancy sickness reported

Period of the Fetus

-week 8 to birth -longest period -growth and finishing stage

Second trimester is from

-13 to 27 weeks -period of fetus

mom can feel movements at week

Lanugo:

downy hair that covers baby's body that sluffs off during labor

Vernix:

cheese-like substance that protects baby's skin

Age of viability:

-the age a premature baby can survive outside the uterus: 22 to 26 weeks -must wait for this time period to be reached if a baby is born early -earliest time a baby is born -baby is premature if it is born 35 weeks or earlier

Once baby's ____ are formed, hormone sent out to start labor

lungs

Third trimester:

-28 to 40 weeks -brain develops folds and grooves (increases surface area) -fetus spends more time awake -brain is smooth which allows head to be smaller for mom to push baby through

Teratogens:

anything that has potential to disrupt prenatal development

Factors that impact the effect of teratogen:

-Dose: how much she is exposed to -Individual differences: some people have higher/lower tolerance; if mom is not well, teratogen will have a higher effect -Timing -Genetics: body responds to teratogen in different ways -Type: what the teratogen is; caffeine isn't good, but compared to high amounts of alcohol is worse -Multiple outcomes: some outcomes are severe, some go unnoticed; you could see the effect of the teratogen as teenager or baby

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

-the cause of death when every other cause of death can be ruled out -cannot predict it - but there are risk factors (smoking, excessive alcohol drinking, etc.)

SIDS can happen to anyone, but is more common in

-boys than girls -fall/winter babies

Risk factors for SIDS

-moms w/ low weight gain, smoke cigarettes or use illegal drugs, history of UTIs, under 20 yrs old

Why are contractions important?

-contractions dilate the cervix and get the baby into position -slowly get exposed to stress hormone - so that baby is awake and ready for birth

Types of Deliveries

-at home delivery (w/ midwife) -birthing centers: have a home-like experience w/ a doctor nearby -birthing tubs -hospital deliveries

Epidurals:

-injection in the spine -contractions become less effective because you're numb -baby is sleepier

Cephalocaudal trend

downward progression; growth from top to bottom

Proximodistal trend

growth from the inside out

Skeletal age

measurement of bones

In the womb, skeleton is _____

cartilage -which hardens into bone gradually

How do our bones grow?

-epiphyses: releases cartilage at the end of bones that lengthens bone over time -cartilage will harden over time

Frontanels

soft spots in skull and don't get completely filled in until 25

We have _____ neurons

100-200 billion

neurons communicate through _____

neurotransmitters

synaptic pruning

neuronal death; when neurons aren't used anymore

Myelination

-allows communication to quicken -made from fat

Lateralization

specialization between cerebral hemispheres

Plasticity in brain development

can recover/change connections

______ development is characterized by slow and gradual change, whereas ______ development is characterized by abrupt change.

Continuous; discontinuous

Professor Ming plans a study that includes participants in the age ranges of: 6–12, 13–19, 20–40, and 50–70. All of her participants will be from an area that experienced a natural disaster, such as a deadly hurricane or earthquake. Professor Ming will then look at symptoms of depression and anxiety in each of the age groups to draw conclusions about age-related differences in the processing of traumatic events. Which research design is best suited for this study?

cross-sectional

The set of instructions to create a living organism is the ______.

genome

Which genetic disorder is non-sex chromosome-linked? Klinefelter syndrome hemophilia Turner syndrome phenylketonuria

phenylketonuria

Twins originate from the same zygote are always ______.

monozygotic

The term for heredity expressed as different phenotypes in different contexts or situations is ______.

epigenetics

Research illustrates that development consists of both gains and losses, as well as growth and decline, throughout the lifespan. This means that development is ______.

multidirectional

According to Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model, family, peers, and school represent a person’s ______.

microsystem

T/F: A human zygote contains 46 matching pairs of chromosomes.

False; A human zygote contains 46 chromosomes (23 matching pairs)

The ways in which people grow, change, and stay the same is known as what type of development?

lifespan human

Which statement describes epigenetics? Genetics have a greater influence on development than environmental factors. Environmental factors play a greater role in development than genetics. Development is impossible when genetics interact with environment. Development results from ongoing interactions between genetics and environment.

Development results from ongoing interactions between genetics and environment.

T/F: Passive gene–environment correlations primarily influence development in late childhood and adolescence.

False

Sequential research designs combine the best features of which two types of research?

cross-sectional and longitudinal

What type of research design assesses multiple cohorts over time?

sequential

Dr. Yang studies cross-cultural differences in body maturation and growth, including differences in body size, proportion, appearance, health, and perceptual abilities. What type of development is Dr. Yang is interested in?

physical

Which couple may find genetic counseling most useful? Kathy and Jiho, whose heritages are European and Korean Bella and Danielle, who both have European heritage and will be using surrogacy Noah and Ava, whose heritages are Central European Jewish Liam and Emma, who both have European heritage and want to have twins

Noah and Ava, whose heritages are Central European Jewish

The tendency to actively seek out experiences and environments compatible and supportive of genetic tendencies is called ______.

niche-picking

Changes in personality, view of oneself, group skills, and interpersonal relationships with family and friends are part of what type of development?

socioemotional

Tara is a four-year-old girl who is very polite. Ever since she was able to talk, her mother expected her to say please and thank you. When Tara would behave politely, her mother would praise her. Tara’s behavior was shaped through ______.

operant conditioning

Genes are composed of a complex molecule shaped like a twisted ladder or staircase called ______.

deoxyribonucleic acid

The human zygote contains how many chromosomes?

Eileen is pregnant with her first child. She wonders when she will be able to feel the fetus moving. Her obstetrician should tell the fetal movements can be felt in how many weeks?

17-20

Which principle states that growth proceeds from the head downward?

cephalocaudal

Each year, what percentage of infants are born without defects?

97%

The placenta allows the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and wastes through the ______.

umbilical cord

Felipe and Karla are pregnant with their first baby. Felipe is anxious to have a boy and wants to know when he will be able to see the external genital organs on an ultrasound. Their obstetrician should tell them the genital organs will become apparent at about how many weeks?

T/F: The physical structure of the brain changes very little from infancy.

False; changes a lot

Which sense is the most developed at birth?

hearing

After birth, which part of the body grows first using the proximodistal growth principle?

trunk

Which domain of development is involved in motor skills? ability to distinguish colors mathematical calculations ability to plan actions communication of biological needs

ability to plan actions

The process of the hemispheres becoming specialized to carry out different functions is called ______.

lateralization

Diane has been a neonatal nurse for over 30 years. She is often asked questions about the age of viability. Her response is that the period begins at about how many weeks after conception?

T/F: A teratogen is an agent that causes damage to prenatal development without lasting effects.

False; it can have lasting effects

The creation of new nerve cells is called ______.

neurogenesis

A common misconception about vaccines is that they are linked to ______.

autism

The most rapid stage of prenatal development occurs during the which period?

embryonic

A statement that describes the majority of women over the age of 35 who are pregnant is that they ______.

give birth to healthy babies

Which statement describes breast-feeding? Most babies find it easier to digest formula than breast milk. Babies have fewer gastrointestinal issues with breast milk than formula. Babies fed breast milk have higher rates of allergies. Most babies who are fed breast milk need supplemental protein.

Babies have fewer gastrointestinal issues with breast milk than formula.

After birth, which part of the body grows last according the proximodistal development principle?

feet

Babies are considered preterm if they are ______.

born before their due date

Exam 1 Flashcards

(107 cards)