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PSY 231 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Schemas

A

mental representation you have concepts, words, sounds, etc.

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2
Q

Schemas are driven by _____

A

disequilibrium: a child will have some expectation of how the world works, but something occurs that confuses them

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3
Q

Babies explore the world around them to ____

A

learn

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4
Q

Jean Piaget believed during the infancy/toddlerhood period that they created _____

A

mental representations

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5
Q

adaptation:

A

process for building schemas

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6
Q

assimilation:

A

using existing schema to interpret the world
- sometimes causes errors
- schema of dogs is that they are 4-legged, furry, and have pointy ears, so they see cats and think they are dogs

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7
Q

accomodation:

A

altering existing schemas, creating new ones

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8
Q

Organization:

A

these schemas are organized by commonalities
- you associate words in the same category together (kitchen = stove, oven, knife, fridge…)

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9
Q

Piaget’s stage theory

A

stage theory of development that is discontinuous, not continuous (sudden changes rather than gradual)
-four stages of how we interpret the world around us
-each stage is a distinct way of thinking about the world and are all different from each other
-fixed order and universal

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10
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

-birth to 2 yrs
-circular reactions: accidental movements cause a positive reaction, so those accidental movements will change to repeated intentional movements to explore; repetition - intentional behavior
-touching, tasting, feeling, listening to the world to explore it
-attachement to family

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11
Q

Object permenance

A

understanding that items and people still exist even when you can’t see or hear them (primary goal for sensorimotor stage)

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12
Q

talking, reading, and singing build your baby’s _____

A

brain.

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13
Q

Behaviorist view of language development:

A

-By Skinner
-Reinforcement
-does not tell the whole story because babies can be reinforced on their own
-language development through environment

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14
Q

Nativist view of language development:

A

-By Chompsky
-Language Acquisition Device: brain region that organizes language
-also does not tell the whole story because babies still needs to be talked to and that comes from the environment
-language development through regions of your brain

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15
Q

Interactionist Perspective of language development:

A

-babies need their environment and brain capacity for language development to be efficient

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16
Q

Infant-directed speech:

A

-slower, which allows you to elongate sounds
-high facial expressions
-higher pitched
-big tone changes
-elongating speech sounds allows baby to see the way mouth moves, sounds, and to understand this message is for them

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17
Q

Cooing:

A

elongated vowel sounds
-2 months of age
- “eeee” “oooo”

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18
Q

Babbling:

A

consonant-vowel pair, repeated
-4-6 months
-“la la la” “da da”

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19
Q

Newborn language:

A

communicative sounds and gestures are reflexive
-crying, expressions, gestures

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20
Q

2-4 month old infant language:

A

cooing, fussing, and squealing

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21
Q

6 month old infant language:

A

babbling

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22
Q

Fast-mapping:

A

The process of rapidly learning a new word by contrasting it with a familiar word.
-presenting a young child with two toy animals - one a familiar creature (a dog) and one unfamiliar (a platypus). When the child is asked to retrieve the platypus a contrast is provided for the child (dog versus unknown creature) which allows them to infer the other creature must be a platypus.

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23
Q

infants and toddlers use ____ sentences

A

2-word:
ex) “i hungry”

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24
Q

9 month old infant language:

A

-first word approximations: when children express words by utilizing parts of a word to describe it, such as “ba” for bottle or “muh” for more
-understands simple words

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25
12 month old infant language:
-first words appear -vocabulary growth from 12-18 months, and then speeds up after
26
Underextension:
applying words too narrowly -doggie might mean the family dog, but not other dogs
27
Overextension:
applying a word to a broader collection of objects and events than appropriate -a child who has a dog named gus-gus at home, will call all other dogs gus-gus
28
Overregularization:
applying grammatical rules to irregular cases - 1 goose = 2 gooses - past tense of run = runned
29
Erik Erikson's Personality Theory:
-stage theory of personality development -series of conflicts (X vs Y), one of them wins/is better -experience in the world relates to outcome -starts in infancy, onward through late life
30
Basic trust vs. mistrust
Trust -more ideal -responsive caregiver -cry=care Mistrust -more negative -caregiver has inconsistent responses -cry=no needs met
31
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Autonomy -independence -encourage early attempts Shame and Doubt -discourage self-reliance -negative response from caregivers
32
Emotions:
subjective reactions to experience that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes -learn to label emotions based on context
33
Basic emotions:
present at birth and early in first year, universally displayed and understood
34
Types of emotions at birth:
-interest -disgust -distress -contentment
35
Types of emotions at 2-7 months
-anger -sadness -joy -surprise -fear
36
Self-conscious emotions that require a sense of self and understanding of self related to others to develop, from 1-2 yrs old
-these emotions are usually culturally driven -embarrasment -shame -guilt -envy -pride
37
Synchrony:
-coordinated interactions between caregiver and infant -helps infant to: read each other's emotions, develop basic skills, and learn who can be trusted -caregiver imitation is the most important part
38
Emotional Regulation:
-happens early in life -dependent on caregivers to help them
39
emotional regulation at 0-12 months:
can look away, close eyes, cry
40
emotional regulation at 12-24 months
can move, ask for help
41
emotional regulation leads to emotional _____
self-efficacy
42
emotional self-efficacy:
feeling of being in control of one's own emotional experience -leads to: more favorable self-image and an optimistic outlook
43
Recognizing other's emotions helps:
-child to learn how to feel about certain situations -shapes behavior -facilitates relationships
44
Social referencing:
relying on another person's emotional reaction to appraise an uncertain situation -develops around 8-10 months
45
What differences do we see across kids?
-temperament -early appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation
46
How do we measure temperament?
-activity level -rhythmicity/regularity -approach-withdrawal -adoptability -threshold of responsiveness -intensity of reaction -quality of mood -distractibility -attention span
47
Easy level of temperament
-40% of children -adaptable -positive -outgoing
48
Difficult (exuberant) level of temperament
-10% of children -free spirited -extreme emotional responses -easily excited -difficulty adjusting -hard to distract -frequently fussy -more tantrums
49
Slow-to-warm-up level of temperament
-15% of children -cautious -avoids risks -might be seen as shy -difficulty adjusting to change, but will eventually
50
Dental care for early childhood babies:
-brush teeth -avoid sugary foods -drink fluoridated water -get dental care (dentist) -protect from tobacco smoke
51
third hand smoke and its effect on children:
smoke left on tables, curtains, in cars -causes immune system to weaken and decay teeth quicker -decay of baby teeth can decay adult teeth before they emerge
52
Brain development in the early childhood stage:
-brain increases from 75% adult size to 90% -frontal lobe has twice as many neurons as adults -language skills increase -self control increases -lateralization continues -hand preference emerges
53
Hand preference begins in the _____
womb -depends on the baby's position in the womb and which hand is free -twins tend to have opposite hand preference
54
hand preference represents dominant _____
cerebral hemisphere -right handed = left hemisphere
55
left-handers are more likely to have outstanding
mathematical skills
56
what areas of the brain change during early childhood development?
-Cerebellum: balance and motor control -Corpus callosum: smooth movements, increases complex thought -Reticular formation: higher levels of consciousness (less time asleep) -Hippocampus: processes memories
57
Influences on growth in early childhood development:
-Pituitary gland: releases GH (only released while we sleep) and is necessary for all body parts except CNS; and releases TSH (allows TH to release and is responsible for brain growth -Sleeping patterns, nutrition: will not grow well if child isn't getting these -Infectious disease: take child to the doctor for check-ups and vaccinations
58
We cannot inject growth hormone to make people giant because ____
people have a limit of how much they can grow according to genes and cannot exceed that no matter how much you inject (range of reaction
59
Childhood injuries:
-leading cause of childhood death -related to risk-taking, poverty (lack of supervision and protective mechanisms) -prevention is key! -more boys are prone to injuries because they tend to take more risks
60
Preoperational stage:
-2 to 7 years -make believe play -dual representation: have trouble with recognizing that something can have 2 functions -different types of thinking
61
Egocentrism:
we get centered on our own experience - child thinks what they're experiencing is what everyone else is experiencing
62
Centration:
being stuck on one aspect of a problem -irreversibility: if you take two balls of clay and mash them together, child cannot tell the clay is the same amount as before they got squashed -child feels that they can't go back to original if something breaks or falls apart
63
Warm and fuzzy thinking:
giving thoughts and feelings to inanimate object -tooth fairy, santa claus, imaginary friends
64
Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Thinking:
-we have cognitive growth because we interact with other people -approximate level of challenge + support boosts their cognitive growth (communication, exchange of ideas, language) -increased level of competence + decreased level of challenge = boredom -decreased level of competence + increased level of challenge = anxiety -medium amount of competence + medium amount of challenge = zone of proximal development
65
The first psychosocial task in life is ______.
trust vs mistrust
66
Which attachment style most reliably predicts social and emotional maladjustment from childhood into adulthood?
disorganized-disoriented
67
The ability to focus and switch attention is influenced by ______.
neurological development
68
Piaget’s idea that children grow by being actively engaged in the world around them is called ______.
cognitive-developmental perspective
69
The second psychosocial task in life is ______.
autonomy versus shame and doubt
70
Basic emotions are also known as ______.
primary emotions
71
Which concept corresponds with goal-directed behavior?
object permenance
72
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a child with a difficult temperament? high activity level irritable does not react in any obvious way to change irregular in biological rhythms
does not react in any obvious way to change
73
T/F: Temperament tends to be stable over months and even years, even into adulthood.
True
74
Which of the following represents the reciprocal relationship phase of Bowlby’s phases of attachment?
When startled, Hava looks to her father for cues on how to react.
75
Which statement describes the ability to learn words? A toddler may increase vocabulary from 50 words to over 400 words within a couple of weeks. Children tend to start out using overextension and then progress to using underextension more often. Word acquisition tends to happen in sudden spurts for most children. Children’s vocabulary spurt occurs when they are in a formal education setting.
A toddler may increase vocabulary from 50 words to over 400 words within a couple of weeks.
76
Which term means speech that infants can understand?
receptive language
77
Categorization is related to information processing because recognizing categories ______.
creates efficient storage and retrieval in memory
78
Reese is a 6-month-old infant who has parents that are considered neglectful. They don’t change his diaper often enough, don’t attend to his medical needs, don’t hold him when he is upset, and don’t make sure he is fed on a regular basis. What would Erikson say that Reese will develop?
mistrust
79
Kenzie is an infant that sucks her thumb when she is anxious. She also chews on toys when she sees other children fighting. As an older child, she goes to her room when her brothers fight with each other. Why does Kenzie do all of these behaviors?
Kenzie is engaging in emotional regulation.
80
What is the difference between underextension and overextension?
Underextension is applying a word more narrowly than usual, and overextension is applying a word too broadly.
81
According to Erikson, what happens if parents are neglectful with their infants?
They will develop a sense of mistrust.
82
Accommodation is defined as ______.
changing a preexisting idea in light of new information
83
Assimilation is defined as ______.
integrating a new experience into a preexisting idea
84
Disequilibrium leads to cognitive growth by causing ______.
motivation to modify schemas to match reality
85
Initiative vs Guilt
Initiative -tone down superego at this stage (do chores, dress themselves) -parents give initiative to be able to do things on their own Guilt -when child is shamed and ridiculed for making mistakes that they don't even want to try

PSY 231 (2 decks)

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