Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Intro to psych > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(53 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Who opened the institute for experimental psychology in 1879?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who separated psychology from philosophy by analyzing the workings of the mind in a more structured way?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Structuralism

A

Aimed to look at the structure of the mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Introspection (tietchener)

A

Examination or observation of ones own mental and emotional processes

Failed because a persons emotions change everyday

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Functionalism (james)

A

Influence of Darwin’s evolution by natural selection

James studied down to earth emotions,memories,willpower, habits and moment to moment streams of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Behaviorism (Watson,skinner)

A

“Observable behavior only”

Little Albert - conditioning a phobia in an emotionally stable child

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Psychoanalysis (Freud )

A

Emphasizes the ways our unconscious thought processes and emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Humanistic psychology (carl rogers and Abraham)

A

Focused on how current environmental influences can nature or limit growth potential and to the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

How we perceive, process, and remember information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Basic research

A

Trying to understand something out of pure curiosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Applied research

A

Studies that are trying to solve a particular question

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nature-nuture

A

Nature : influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors

Nurture: is the influence of external factors after conception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Psychology’s three main levels of analysis (biopsychosial)

A
  1. Biological influences: genetics
  2. Psychological influences : emotional
    3.Social-cultural: peer influences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Issues with intuition and common sense

A
  1. Hindsight bias : inclination, after and event has occurred, to see the event as been predictable, despite their having been little or no objective biases for predicting it.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Issues with intuition and common sense

A
  1. Over confidence : persons subjective confidence in his or her judgment is reliable greater than the objective accuracy of those judgments, especially when they have high confidence
  2. Tendency to percieve patterns in random events
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Scientific method

A

1.theory
2.hypothesis
3.observable definition
4. Replication

Good theory: organized, good predictions, stimulates research, can be replicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Types of studies

A

Descriptive methods : case studies, naturalistic observations, surveys/interviews, random sampling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Types of studies

A

Correlations : positive (if you increase temp- you will sweat more), negative (if you sweat a lot- you’re confidence will go down)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Types of studies

A

Regression torward the mean : is a variable is extreme on its first measurement, it will tend to be closer to the average in its second measurement- and if it’s extreme on its second measurement, it will tend to have been closer to the average on its first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Experiments

A
  1. Independent variable
    2.dependent variable
  2. Confounding variable (variables that affect other variables)
  3. Double bind procedure (no one is aware of who is receive it treatment)
  4. Placebo
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Statistics

A
  1. Measures of central tendency : mean median mode
  2. Variation: range, SD
  3. Normal curve
  4. Statistical significance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Neurons

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Dendrites: receive messages from other cells
  2. Cell body: cells life support center
  3. Axon: passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands
  4. Sensory neurons : transmit sensory info
  5. Motor neuron: conveys impulses from the CNS to a muscle, gland, or other tissue
  6. Interneurons: transmits impulses as a part of reflex
23
Q

Glial cells

Study These Flashcards
A

Help neuron cells (myelin)

24
Q

Action potential

Study These Flashcards
A

Communication within a neuron
- basic process
- neuron has a neg charge on inside and a pos charge on outside, AP travels down axon
- threshold
- all or none response
- refractory period

25
Synapse
Communication between neurons
26
Synapse (neurotransmitters )
- acetylcholine:enables muscle action, learning and memory - dopamine : influences movement, learning, attention and emotion - norepinephrine : helps control alertness and arousal - serotonin : affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal - glutamate : helps with memory - GABA: inhibitory neurotransmitter
27
Synapse (reuptake)
Making neurotransmitters go away and take in back into the neuron that released it
28
Synapse (agonists/ antagonists)
Agonists: increasing neurotransmitters action Antagonists: inhibits or blocks neurotransmitters action
29
Nervous system
CNS - medulla , pons, cerebellum, reticular formation, thalamus, limbic system, hippocampus, hypothalamus, pituitary, amygdala, cerebral cortex, corpus callosum - organization of motor and somatosensory cortex - association cortex (phineas gage)
30
Nervous system (PNS)
Autonomic nervous system - sympathetic : helps with arousal - parasympathetic: helps with calming down
31
Endocrine system
Hormones, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, glands Feedback system
32
How to study the brain
EEG, MRI, PET, fMRI
33
Sensation and perception
General concepts - sensation: receive and represent stimuli - perception : process of organizing sensory info - sensory receptors : respond to changes in the environment - transduction: changing physical energy to electrical signals 1. Absolute threshold : minimum stimuli for detection 2. Difference threshold: minimum difference between 2 stimuli (webers law: 2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage) 3. Sensory adaptation:diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
34
Vision
Light - wavelength (hue) - amplitude (brightness)
35
Anatomical structures of the eye
- cornea (where light enters) - pupil (small adjustable opening surrounding iris) - lens (transparent, helps refract light to be focused on the retina) - retina (light sensitive inner surface contains rods and cones and layers of neurons) - fovea (central focus point in the retina, where cones cluster) - optic nerve (nerve that carries neural impulses from eye to brain) - blind spot (point where optic nerve leaves the eye)
36
Bottom up and top down processing
Bottom up: begins with sensory receptors and works put o the brains integration of sensory info Top down: infor processing guided by higher level mental process. As were we construct perceptions drawing on our experiences and expectations
37
Vision concepts
- feature detection - form perceptions ( gestalt principles : figur e- ground, proximity, closure) - depth perception : monocular cues , binocular cues
38
Perceptual constancies
- shape constancy - size constancy - color constancy
39
Hearing
Sound - parts of wavelength (amplitude, frequency, pitch) - frequency theory (explains hearing lower tones ) - volley theory ( neural cells alternate firing in rapid succession - 1000x/second
40
Hearing problems
Conduction deafness: problem with conduction sound through ear to cochlea Nerve deafness: occurs when hair cells in cochlea are damaged
41
Taste, touch, and smell
Taste: sensed through receptor neurons on the tongue Touch: combination of pressure, temp or pain (gate control theory) Smell: based on chemicals; messages processed in olfactory bulb
42
Body position sense
Kinesthetic : keeps track of position and orientation of specific body parts in relation to each other Vestibular: tells body how it is oriented in space; balance
43
Consciousness
Awareness of ourselves and our environment
44
Parallel processing
Our attention has various levels to them (multitasking)
45
Selective attention
Cocktail part effect - in a setting with lots of distractions and hearing something you didn’t hear before Inattentional blindness - something a person should see but does not because they are focused on another task
46
Biological rhythms
Circadian - biological clock, humans is 25 hours , bodies aren’t in sync with our environments - decreased light: increases melatonin - increased light : decreases melatonin - superchiasmatic nucleus : part in the hypothalumus responsible for circadian rythyms
47
Stages of sleep
- REM : recurring sleep stage during which vivid dream commonly occur Waves - alpha waves: slow waves of a relaxed awake state - delta waves : large, slow brain waves (deep sleep ) - beta waves: high frequency waves that are observered when we are awake
48
Theories of why we sleep
- helps protect us - helps with recuperation - restores and rebuilds memories - helps support our growth
49
Sleep disorders
-insomnia - narcolepsy - sleep apnea - night terrors : high arousal and appearance of beign terrifies (occur during NREM-3 sleep, within 2-3 hours of falling asleep) - sleep walking/talking
50
Theories of why we dream
- file away memories - develop and preserve neural pathways - make sense on neural static - reflect cognitive development
51
Psychoactive drugs disorder
-addiction - tolerance - withdrawal Criteria 1. Diminished control 2. Diminished social functioning 3. Hazardous use 4. Drug action
52
Types of drugs
Depressants: slow body function 1.alcohols 2. Barbiturates : depress CNS 3. Opiates : depress neural activity - heroin Stimulants : excite neural activity 1.caffeine 2.nicotine 3.cocaine (depletes brains supply of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine 4. Ecstasy 5. Meth Hallucinogens 1.weed 2.LSD
53
Altered states of consciousness
Hypnosis: trance like state of heightened suggestibility , deep relaxation and intense focus - reduce stress, treat chronic pain, manage pain , lose wight and stop smoking Mediation : mental exercise used to alter consciousness (relaxation response) - concentration- narrowing ones focus to a single point - mindfulness- involves broadening ones attention to a larger awareness of the world

Intro to psych (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions