Exam 2 Flashcards
(42 cards)
- The behaviors learned with classical conditioning are _____________________,
whereas those learned with operant conditioning are_____________________.
Involuntary,voluntary
- Avoiding foods that induce sickness has _____________. This taste aversion helps organisms to survive.
Adaptive value
- Every time you open the pantry where the dog food is stored, you dog starts to salivate. His reaction is a(n):
Conditioned response
- Little Albert was a baby who originally had no fear of rats. In an experiment conducted by John Watson and Rayner, he was classically conditioned to fear white rats through the paring of a loud noise with exposure to a rat. His resulting fear is an example of a(n):
Operant conditioning
- _________________ indicates that if a behavior is followed by a pleasurable outcome, it is likely to be repeated
The law of effect
- In Bandura’s Bobo doll study, children who saw an adult attacking and shouting at a doll:
We’re more likely to display aggressive behavior
- According to research, there Is a strong association between physical aggression and exposure to violent music, video games, and TV. However, this association between media portrayals and violent behaviors does not mean a ________________ exists. There could be other factors like parenting involved.
Cause and effect relationship
- Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
A dog whining in the am , leading the owner to wake up and take it outside
- Rats allowed to explore a maze, without getting reinforcers until the 11th day of the experiment, subsequently behaved in the maze as if they had been given reinforcers through the entire experiment. There behavior is evidence of:
Latent learning
- You are struggling to recall the name of a movie you watched last year. When you do finally remember the was Captain Marvel, which memory process were us using?
Retrieval
- Baddeley and colleagues proposed that the purpose of _______________ is to actively maintain information while the mind is performing complex tasks. The phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive and episodic buffer all play a role in this process.
Working memory
- Your friend tells you she prefers multiple-choice tests because she is able to identify an answer when she sees it listed as one of the choices for a question. She is describing her __________, which is the process of matching incoming data to information stored in long-term memory.
Recognition
_______________causes problems with the retrieval of memories because information you learned in the past, and ________________ causes problems with retrieval due to recently learned information.
Proactive interference ; retroactive interference
In studies by Elizabeth Loftus, and colleagues, around 25% of participants were able to “remember” an event that never happened. This type of _______________ shows us how the malleability of memory can influence recall.
False memory
In one study, Loftus and Palmer (1974) found that when they told participants two cars had “smashed” into each other, these same participants were more likely to report they had seen broken glass in a previously viewed film than participants who were told the cars had “hit” each other. This tendency for ne and possibly deceptive information to distort one’s memory of a past incident is known as ____________________________.
The misinformation effect
Traumatic experiences that are thought to be pushed out of consciousness are often referred to as __________________memories.
Repressed
____________________ refers to the increased efficiency of neural communication over time, resulting in learning and the formation of memories.
Long term potentiation
Retrograde amnesia is generally is generally caused by some sort of trauma to the brain. People with retrograde amnesia generally cannot:
Access memories of events created before the trauma
_______________ refers to the increased efficiency of neural communication over time, resulting in learning and the formation of memories.
Long term potentiation
- The ______________ is essential for creating new explicit memories, but not necessarily implicit memories.
Hippocampus
- _____________is a mental activity associated with obtaining, converting, and using knowledge, and ________________means coming to a decision, reaching a solution, or forming a belief.
Cognition;thinking
_____________are mental representations of categories of objects, situation, and ideas that share central features or characteristics.
Concepts
After eating at a restaurant, you try to calculate a 20% tip for the server. Your friend suggests that you take the amount of the bill, move the decimal to the left one space, and multiply by 2. Your friend is using a _________________ to solve the problem.
An algorithm
The ______________ suggests that language can affect thinking and perception.
Linguistic relativity hypothesis
