Exam 1 Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
A group of similarly constructed organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
A
Species
2
Q
All of the members of the same species occupying a given location
A
Population
3
Q
All of the different species occupying a given location
A
Community
4
Q
Interactions between organisms and non-living components of their environment
A
Ecosystem
5
Q
Region of earth capable of supporting life
A
Biosphere
6
Q
Smallest unit of life
A
Cell
7
Q
Smallest unit of matter which cannot be divided by normal chemical physical means
A
Atom
8
Q
Two or more atoms joined together
A
Molecule
9
Q
The 8 characteristics of living things
A
-organization
-homeostasis
-metabolism
-growth
-development
-reproduction
-evolve
-respond to external stimuli
10
Q
The identification, description, and naming of species
A
Taxonomy
11
Q
Define the three domains of life
A
-Eukaryote
-Archaea
-Bacteria
12
Q
Which domain of life includes humans?
A
Eukaryote
13
Q
Which domain of life includes extremophiles?
A
Archaea
14
Q
List the correct order for the 8 taxonomic ranks.
A
-Domain
-Kingdom
-Phylum
-Class
-Order
-Family
-Genus
-Species
(Dumb King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain)
15
Q
___ ___ is each species’ unique scientific name
A
Genus + Species
16
Q
The ___ ___ is a stepwise procedure followed to collect reliable information about the natural world
A
Scientific Method
17
Q
Define Control Group
A
Not subjected to experiment variable
18
Q
Define test group (independent variable)
A
Subjected to variable being tested
19
Q
Define hypothesis
A
Plausible explanation for your observation; must be testable
20
Q
Define theory
A
Broad explanation of an aspect of the natural world; lots of evidence, can’t be proven true
21
Q
List the 6 step of the Scientific Method
A
-Observation
-Hypothesis
-Experimentation
-Data analysis
-Conclusion
-Theory
22
Q
The __ variable is the variable that is manipulated during an experiment and plotted on the __ axis. The __ variable is the results and is plotted on the __ axis.
A
Independent, X
Dependent, Y
23
Q
What is a pure chemical substance consisting of atoms with the same number of protons in their nuclei?
A
Element
24
Q
The number of protons an atom contains is called the __ __.
A
Atomic number
25
What are the charges and locations of Protons?
Positive
Found in the nucleus
26
What are the charges and locations of a Neutron?
Neutral
Found in the Nucleus
27
What are the charges and locations of a Electron?
Negative
Orbits around nucleus
28
Atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons are?
Isotope
29
Electrons in the outmost shell are known as __ __.
Valence Electron
30
What does the Octet Rule state and what is the exception to it?
Atoms are most stable with 8 electrons in the outermost shell.
Exceptions: hydrogen and helium(only one shell)
31
Ionic bonds are bonds in which atoms ___ or __ electrons to satisfy the Octet Rule. The bond involves a positively charged __ and a negatively charged __.
Donate; Accept;
Cation; Anion
32
Define covalent bonds. Are they stronger or weaker than ionic
Share electrons;
strong
33
What are the two types of covalent bonds and which develop partial charges?
Non-polar: equal sharing, no partial charges
Polar: unequal sharing, partial charges
34
What are hydrogen bonds and how strong are they?
Weak chemical attractions between partial positively charged Hydrogen atoms of one molecule and a partial negatively charged atom of another polar molecule.
35
Name the 6 properties of water.
-Solvent
-High surface tension
-Ice floats
-High Heat of Vaporization
-Liquid at Room Temperature
-High Specific Heat
36
Define solvent
H2O molecules are dipolar which means most things can dissolve in it
37
Define high surface tension
Attraction between molecules at surface of a liquid
38
Define Ice Floats
Frozen water is less dense than liquid water so ice floats
39
Define High Heat of Vaporization
Takes 5 times as much energy to vaporize water than to raise it from zero degrees Celsius to 100 degrees Celsius
40
Define Liquid at Room Temperature
Water is liquid between 0 and 100 degrees centrigrade
41
Define High Specific Heat
The amount of heat energy that must be lost to lower the temp by one degree Celsius
42
What does the pH scale measure?
It measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
43
What does the pH of a solution affect?
It affects shape and function of molecules, chemical reactions rates, ability of molecules to bind together, and ability of ions/molecules to dissolve in water.
44
pH < 7
Acidic
45
pH = 7
Neutral
46
pH > 7
Basic
47
What is a buffer?
Form bonds with many other atoms; strong, stable bonds with other Carbon atoms, short distance between Carbon atoms
48
What is the difference between a dehydration reaction and a hydrolytic reaction?
Dehydration: removal of water, joins molecules
Hydrolytic: addition of water to break molecules
49
The four organic macromolecules are __, __, __, and __
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
50
Sugars and starches that function as structural elements, energy sources and recognition sites on membrane surfaces are
Carbohydrates
51
What are the functions of Carbohydrates?(3)
structural elements, energy sources, and recognition sites on membrane surfaces
52
Define Monosaccharides and give examples
Simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose)
53
Define disaccharides and give examples
2 monosaccharides linked (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
54
Define Polysaccharides and give examples
Long chain of monosaccharides (glycogen, cellulose, starch)
55
Proteins are composed of __
Amino acids
56
List the functions of proteins (7)
-Structural
-Transport
-Enzymes
-Body defense
-Cell signaling
-Gene expression
-Regulation
57
What are the levels of protein organization?
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
58
Do lipids dissolve in water?
No
59
What are the functions of lipids? (5)
-Primary component of biological membranes
-Hormones
-Energy
-Body Contour
-Insulation
60
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated triglyceride?
Saturated: solid at room temperature; ex. butter
Unsaturated: liquid at room temperature; ex. corn oil, sunflower oil
61
The head of phospholipids is __ and the tail is __
Polar; Non-polar
62
What are alcohols with fat like properties and what are some examples?
Steroids
(Ex. Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen)
63
What are the functions of Nucleic Acids?
-Storage
-Expression
-Transmission of genetic information
64
List difference between DNA and RNA
DNA: double stranded helix; stores/encodes instruction for hereditable traits
RNA: single stranded helix; copy instructions for protein synthesis, translate code in DNA
65
What organelle is selectively permeable and regulates movements into/out of the cell?
Plasma Membrane
66
The nucleus stores __. The __ __ defines boundaries of the nucleus. The __ __ allow molecules to pass in/out of nucleus. Ribosomes components are made in __.
DNA: Nuclear Envelope; Nuclear Pores; Nucleolus
67
What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER?
Rough; Ribosomes, Protein Synthesis
Smooth: No Ribosomes, lipid synthesis
68
The __ __ is a stack of flattened membranes that receives products synthesized in the ER; sorts, modifies, and packages products
Golgi Apparatus
69
A __ is a membrane bound sac that is responsible for storage, transport, detoxification, and digestion
Vescicle
70
A __ digests worn out cell parts, pathogens, and debris
Lysosome
71
A __ responsible for detoxification of harmful substances
Peroxisome
72
What is the difference in flagella and cilia?
Flagella: movement of entire cell. Ex. Sperm
Cilia: in humans, move material across the surface
73
The organelle that maintains cell shape is the __
cytoskeleton
74
Diffusion is the random movement of molecules from __ concentration to a __ concentration
Higher: Lower
75
Does diffusion require energy?
No
76
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
77
Describe the difference between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions.
-Hypertonic Solution: increase in solute and decrease in water than cells (water leaves cells causing crenation (shriveling) )
-Hypotonic Solution: Decrease in solute and increase in water than cells (Water enters cells causing lysis (swelling) and possible hemolysis (bursting)
-isotonic Solution: same amount of solute and water than cells (cell shape not altered)
78
__ __ moves from higher concentration to lower and requires a carrier protein but no energy
Facilitated Transport
79
__ __ moves from lower concentration to higher and requires carrier protein and energy
Active Transport
80
What is the difference between Endocytosis and Exocytosis?
Endocytosis: transport of molecules into the cell
Exocytosis: transport of molecules out of the cell
81
A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function
Tissue
82
The __ covers body surfaces and lines body cavities.
Epithelium
83
Extremely flat cells
Squamous
84
Cells as tall as they are wide
Cuboidal
85
Cells taller than they are wide
Columnar
86
Single layer of cells is known as __
Simple
87
Two or more layers of cells is known as __
Stratified
88
What are the two types of glands in the glandular epithelium.
Exocrine: has ducts to transport secretions
Endocrine: no ducts, uses blood to transport
89
This type of tissue bind structures together, protection, support, insulation of body, and helps with transport of vital materials
Connective Tissue
90
Define Fibroblasts
Most common connective cell tissue, secretes fibers and matrix
91
Define Macrophages
Connective cell tissue that absorbs bacteria and other small cells and particles (phagocytes)
92
Define Plasma Cells
Connective cell tissue that secretes antibodies
93
Define Leukocytes
Connective cells tissue provides protection from disease-causing agents
94
Define Mast Cells
Connective cell tissue that mediate the inflammatory response (sends white blood cells)
95
Secreted by connective cells and has great tensile strength
Connective tissue fibers
96
Can be stretched to 150% of original length without breaking
Elastic fibers
97
A type of collagen fiber
Reticular Fibers
98
What type of muscle tissue is associated with the skeleton?
Skeletal
99
What type of muscle tissue is found in the myocardium of the heart?
Cardiac
100
What type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of organs and glands?
Smooth
101
Define Neuron Cells
Found in the Nervous tissue
Only cell in nervous system capable of conducting nerve impulses
Structural and functional unit of nervous system
102
Define Glial Cells
Found in nervous tissue
Provide support for neurons
103
The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom
Atomic Mass
