Exam 1 Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
plant anatomy
A
-internal structure of plants
-dendrochronology, forensics, geography
2
Q
plant morphology
A
-form, structure, and life cycles of plants
-external appearance
-annual (1 year)
-biennial (2 years)
-perennial
3
Q
plant physiology
A
-study of plant function (at the cellular and biochemical level)
-photosynthesis and respiration
-Von Helmont (1577-1644) – experimental
study of willow in soil – soil lost very little
mass and plant gained a lot of mass –
concluded that plant gained mass mostly
from water
4
Q
ecologists
A
study interaction of organisms with their environment
5
Q
plant geographers
A
Tropical Forests are home to
more than half the world’s organisms
-note relationship btwn climate and types of plants
6
Q
plant taxonomy
A
-taxon: unit of classification
7
Q
systematics
A
-branch of taxonomy that lends to classification based on degree of relatedness
-based on evolution
8
Q
ethnobotany
A
-cultural uses of plants
9
Q
attributes of living organisms
A
-have a metabolism
-reproduce
-growth and development
-organization
-life cycle (birth to death)
-homeostasis
-response to stimuli
-movement
-adapt to eviro
10
Q
adaptations
A
traits of an organism that suit them to an enviro
11
Q
natural selection
A
non-random differential reproduction by individuals in a population
12
Q
matter
A
occupies space and has mass
-solid, liquid, and gas
13
Q
element
A
pure chemical substance made up of one type of atom
14
Q
CHNOPS
A
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur
15
Q
isotope
A
different forms of an element that differ in number of neutrons (differ in atomic mass)
-ex. carbon 12, 13, 14
16
Q
molecule
A
2 atoms bonded together
-compound molecule (ex. h2o)
17
Q
hydrogen bonds
A
-give h2o special and unique properties
-interaction of 1 atom that is more negative due to unequal sharing and another atom that is positive (also due to unequal sharing)
18
Q
adhesion
A
attraction of water molecules to another charged substance
19
Q
cohesion
A
attraction between water molecules
20
Q
energy
A
ability to do work
21
Q
potential energy
A
energy of position (stored energy)
22
Q
kinetic energy
A
energy of motion
23
Q
1st law of thermodynamics
A
energy can’t be created or destroyed (can be converted from one form to another)
24
Q
2nd law of thermodynamics
A
in an energy conversion, some energy is lost to a less useful form, mostly as heat
25
carbohydrates
-monomers: monosaccharides
-simple sugar: glucose and fructose
-disaccharide: sucrose (table sugar)--> transport form of sugar in plants
-polysaccharides: starch (energy storage molecule), cellulose (structural molecule in cell wall)
26
lipids
-glycerol and fatty acids
-energy storage, protection, and structure
-hydrophobic
-solid lipids are fats, liquid lipids are oils
-waxes
-steroid hormones in animals
27
proteins
made up of amino acids
-polypeptide: many amino acids bonded together
28
primary structure
line of amino acids
29
secondary structure
a folding or coiling of primary structure resulting from formation of h+ bonds
30
tertiary structure
complex folding of polypeptide due to formation of covalent bonds in different portions of polypeptide
31
quaternary structure
2 or more polypeptide bond together to form functional protein
32
nucleic acids
-phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base
-DNA, RNA, and ATP
33
schleiden and schwann
-botanist and zoologist
-all living things composed of cells
-cell theory
34
virchow
-cell theory
-all cells came from pre existing cells
35
anthonie von leeuwellhoek
first to see cells with simple microscope
36
Robert hooke
first to use term cells for structures he saw in cork
37
protoplasm
all living components of cell
38
cytoplasm
all cellular components between plasma membrane and nucleus
39
cell size
most cells are small for surface to volume ratio and communication from nucleus
40
bacteria
-cell wall made of peptidoglycan (associated with amino acids)
-DNA in central region (nucleoid)
-ribosomes (smaller than eukaryotic ones)
-flagellum: differs chemically than eukaryotic ones
41
ribosomes
play role in making proteins
42
cell wall provides
-strength
-flexibility
-protection to cell contents
-microfibrils made of many molecules of cellulose
43
cell wall structure
-primary wall: cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and glycoproteins
-secondary wall: derived from primary wall, addition of lignin, woody plants
44
middle lamella
-pectin
-separates two cells
45
plasmodesmata
-channels through cell walls that allow communication between cells
46
nucleus
double phospholipid bilayer
-nuclear envelope
-nuclear pores
-chromatin
-nucleolus (makes ribosomal components)
47
rough er
ribosomes embedded (where proteins are made)
48
smooth er
site of production of lipids
49
golgi
receives vesicles formed by rough and smooth er, repackages them, and forms new vesicle that can serve function in cell or export from cell
50
chloroplasts
-site of photosynthesis
-thylakoid membranes: chlorophyll is embedded
-stroma: enzyme rich fluid
-granum: stack of thylakoids
51
chromoplasts
-give color to parts in some plants
-pigments that are lipid soluble
-red peppers, tomatoes
52
leucoplasts (amyloplasts)
-form and store starch or oils
-elaioplasts: store oils
-amyloplasts : store starch
53
vacuole
-filled with cell sap (watery fluid)
-contains ions, metabolites, pigments, digestive enzymes
54
microtubules
-control addition of cellulose to cell wall
-play role in cell division, movement of organelles and vesicles, movement of flagella
55
microfilaments
-cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells
-contraction of animal cells
56
roots
absorb water and mineral nutrients
57
stems
give structure
58
leaves
sites of photosynthesis
59
meristems
where cells actively divide
-protoderm: give rise to epidermis
-procambium: give rise to vascular tissue
-ground meristem: center of stem and outer edge of stem
60
intercalary meristem of grasses
in vicinity of nodes (leaf attachment areas)
-grasses lack vascular and cork cambium
-have apical meristem
61
parenchyma
-storage
-primary cell wall
-cells alive throughout lifespan
-can divide long after they are produced
62
parenchyma examples
-aerenchyma: extensive connected air spaces
-chlorenchyma: numerous chloroplasts
-transfer cells: transfer dissolved substances between cells
63
apical meristems
--primary growth: change in height
-ground meristem: parenchyma (storage)
-lateral meristem: woody plants, produce secondary tissues
-vascular cambium: give rise to additional vascular tissue
-cork cambium: produce protective cells and structures on outside of stem
64
collenchyma
-cells with thickened primary cell walls
-play role in providing flexible support to plant structures
-ex. string of celery
65
sclerenchyma
-have thick secondary cell walls within lignin
-dead at maturity
-most function in support
-sclerids and fibers
66
complex tissues
-tissues composed of 2 or more kinds of cells
-xylem and phloem
67
xylem
-transport of water and ions
-important in plumbing of plants
-combo of parenchyma, fibers, vessels, tracheids, and ray cells
68
vessels
-open at each end
-strips can form but do not block flow of fluid
69
tracheids
-no openings at ends
-have pits where 2 tracheids contact each other
-conifers have primary tracheids
70
simple pits
-allow water to pass cell to cell
-bordered pits: regulate flow of materials between cells
71
phloem
-transport of soluble foods
-complex tissue: sieve tube members, companion cells, parenchyma transfer cells
72
epidermis
-outermost layer of cells (can include several different types of cells)
73
cuticle
-made of cutin and added wax
-influences water loss and resistant to bacteria
74
guard cells
-in lower epidermis
-stomate: allows gases to diffuse into or out of leaf
75
trichomes
-can be hairs , branched, and glandular on leaf structures
-play role in anti-herbivore defense and reduce heat load on leaves in hot, sunny enviros or protecting plants from uv radiation
76
periderm
-replaces epidermis in woody plants (cork cells have Suberin making them waterproof, protects cells below
-lenticel gas exchange
77
secretory cells
-many cells secrete substances
-some secrete waste products to be isolated or eliminated
-some secrete useful materials (nectar, hormones, oils, resin, latex)
78
bud scale scars
indicate how long it took to grow twig from scar
79
primary meristem gives rise to:
-epidermis
-pith and cortex
-primary phloem and xylem
80
trace
strand of phloem and xylem branches into each developing bud and leaf
-leaf and bud gaps form (gaps filled with parenchyma cells)
81
vascular cambium
-gives rise to secondary phloem and xylem cells
-phloem forms first, xylem second
-cork cambium forms in woody plants to the outside and forms cork cells (become impregnated with Suberin
-to the inside forms phelloderm
82
suberin
-protective
-prevents water loss in stems
83
stele
central part of root or stem(primary xylem and phloem and pith)
84
protostele
solid core of conducting tissue
-primary phloem surrounds primary xylem (primitive plants)
85
siphonostele
tubular with pith in center
-primary xylem surrounds pith, primary phloem surrounds primary xylem (ferns)
86
eustele
primary phloem and primary xylem in discrete vascular bundles (conifers, flowering plants)
87
dicots
-nutritive structures to supply energy to seed
-two cotyledons
88
monocots
one nutritive cotyledon that supplies energy to seed embryo
89
herbacious
tender green plant that grows during growing season and above ground parts die in non-growing season
90
primary xylem
xylem formed initially in center
91
rays
cells that carry materials laterally
92
annual rings
size of tracheary elements influenced by environmental conditions in given season or year (trees in tropics don't have these)
93
false rings
areas with rainfall that varies greatly by season
94
vessels
types of cells found in xylem
95
heartwood
-non conducting
-pigments and minerals
-dark in color
-xylem
96
sapwood
-conducting
-outer lighter colored xylem
97
pine
-resin canals for protection
-have tracheids in xylem
98
rhizome
underground stem (has nodes and buds)
-golden rod: rhizomes lead to expansion and spreading of plant
99
tuber
-underground stem
-energy storing structure that leads to new growth of plant in next growing season
-ex. potato (eyes of potato are buds)
100
runners
-above ground stem
-asexual reproduction
-genetically identical to parent plant
-ex. strawberries
101
stem tendrils
-structures to allow plant to climb
-ex. cucumbers
102
bulb
-ex. onion
-modified stems and leaves
103
corm
-modified stem
-structure is entirely stem tissue; energy stored
-ex. some native orchids, gladiolus
104
cladophyll
-modified stem (leaves reduced to thorns at nodes)
-ex. cactus
105
properties of wood
-density
-durability
-knots: remnants of small stems growing from trunk
106
wood products
-lumber
-pulp (paper)
-containers, boxes, kegs, etc
107
seed
root like radicle gives rise to primary root
108
adventitious fibrous roots
originate from stem
109
root systems
taproot and fibrous roots
110
root hair zone
roots hairs are projections of the epidermis
111
primary meristems in roots
-epidermis
-cortex
-vascular cylinder (phloem out, xylem in)
112
dicot root of buttercup
-endodermis: layer of cells with lignin and suberin
-water and minerals to pass through plasma membranes through plasmodesmata
113
pericycle cells
lateral roots produced in woody plants derive from these
114
food storage root
sweet potato
115
water storage root
-manroot
-various uses and shock fish with extract from root
116
pneumatophore
-stick above water level at low tide
-help buffer water from storms (mangroves)
-deliver oxygen to roots when growing in water or mud
117
aerial roots
-velamen roots with thick epidermis to prevent moisture loss in tropical orchids
-can absorb water from air
118
prop roots
-absorb water and anchor plant
-ex. banyan tree develops prop roots from branches
119
contractile roots
-lillies
-bulbs are pulled a little deeper each year as roots develop
120
buttress roots
-tropical fig tree
-used in architecture (ex. gothic cathedrals)
