Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Botany > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

plant anatomy

A

-internal structure of plants
-dendrochronology, forensics, geography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

plant morphology

A

-form, structure, and life cycles of plants
-external appearance
-annual (1 year)
-biennial (2 years)
-perennial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

plant physiology

A

-study of plant function (at the cellular and biochemical level)
-photosynthesis and respiration
-Von Helmont (1577-1644) – experimental
study of willow in soil – soil lost very little
mass and plant gained a lot of mass –
concluded that plant gained mass mostly
from water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ecologists

A

study interaction of organisms with their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

plant geographers

A

Tropical Forests are home to
more than half the world’s organisms
-note relationship btwn climate and types of plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

plant taxonomy

A

-taxon: unit of classification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

systematics

A

-branch of taxonomy that lends to classification based on degree of relatedness
-based on evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ethnobotany

A

-cultural uses of plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

attributes of living organisms

A

-have a metabolism
-reproduce
-growth and development
-organization
-life cycle (birth to death)
-homeostasis
-response to stimuli
-movement
-adapt to eviro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

adaptations

A

traits of an organism that suit them to an enviro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

natural selection

A

non-random differential reproduction by individuals in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

matter

A

occupies space and has mass
-solid, liquid, and gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

element

A

pure chemical substance made up of one type of atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CHNOPS

A

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

isotope

A

different forms of an element that differ in number of neutrons (differ in atomic mass)
-ex. carbon 12, 13, 14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

molecule

A

2 atoms bonded together
-compound molecule (ex. h2o)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

-give h2o special and unique properties
-interaction of 1 atom that is more negative due to unequal sharing and another atom that is positive (also due to unequal sharing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

adhesion

A

attraction of water molecules to another charged substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

cohesion

A

attraction between water molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

energy

A

ability to do work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

potential energy

A

energy of position (stored energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

energy can’t be created or destroyed (can be converted from one form to another)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

in an energy conversion, some energy is lost to a less useful form, mostly as heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

carbohydrates

A

-monomers: monosaccharides
-simple sugar: glucose and fructose
-disaccharide: sucrose (table sugar)–> transport form of sugar in plants
-polysaccharides: starch (energy storage molecule), cellulose (structural molecule in cell wall)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

lipids

A

-glycerol and fatty acids
-energy storage, protection, and structure
-hydrophobic
-solid lipids are fats, liquid lipids are oils
-waxes
-steroid hormones in animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

proteins

A

made up of amino acids
-polypeptide: many amino acids bonded together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

primary structure

A

line of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

secondary structure

A

a folding or coiling of primary structure resulting from formation of h+ bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

tertiary structure

A

complex folding of polypeptide due to formation of covalent bonds in different portions of polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

quaternary structure

A

2 or more polypeptide bond together to form functional protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

nucleic acids

A

-phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base
-DNA, RNA, and ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

schleiden and schwann

A

-botanist and zoologist
-all living things composed of cells
-cell theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

virchow

A

-cell theory
-all cells came from pre existing cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

anthonie von leeuwellhoek

A

first to see cells with simple microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Robert hooke

A

first to use term cells for structures he saw in cork

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

protoplasm

A

all living components of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

cytoplasm

A

all cellular components between plasma membrane and nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

cell size

A

most cells are small for surface to volume ratio and communication from nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

bacteria

A

-cell wall made of peptidoglycan (associated with amino acids)
-DNA in central region (nucleoid)
-ribosomes (smaller than eukaryotic ones)
-flagellum: differs chemically than eukaryotic ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

ribosomes

A

play role in making proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

cell wall provides

A

-strength
-flexibility
-protection to cell contents
-microfibrils made of many molecules of cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

cell wall structure

A

-primary wall: cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and glycoproteins
-secondary wall: derived from primary wall, addition of lignin, woody plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

middle lamella

A

-pectin
-separates two cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

plasmodesmata

A

-channels through cell walls that allow communication between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

nucleus

A

double phospholipid bilayer
-nuclear envelope
-nuclear pores
-chromatin
-nucleolus (makes ribosomal components)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

rough er

A

ribosomes embedded (where proteins are made)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

smooth er

A

site of production of lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

golgi

A

receives vesicles formed by rough and smooth er, repackages them, and forms new vesicle that can serve function in cell or export from cell

50
Q

chloroplasts

A

-site of photosynthesis
-thylakoid membranes: chlorophyll is embedded
-stroma: enzyme rich fluid
-granum: stack of thylakoids

51
Q

chromoplasts

A

-give color to parts in some plants
-pigments that are lipid soluble
-red peppers, tomatoes

52
Q

leucoplasts (amyloplasts)

A

-form and store starch or oils
-elaioplasts: store oils
-amyloplasts : store starch

53
Q

vacuole

A

-filled with cell sap (watery fluid)
-contains ions, metabolites, pigments, digestive enzymes

54
Q

microtubules

A

-control addition of cellulose to cell wall
-play role in cell division, movement of organelles and vesicles, movement of flagella

55
Q

microfilaments

A

-cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells
-contraction of animal cells

56
Q

roots

A

absorb water and mineral nutrients

57
Q

stems

A

give structure

58
Q

leaves

A

sites of photosynthesis

59
Q

meristems

A

where cells actively divide
-protoderm: give rise to epidermis
-procambium: give rise to vascular tissue
-ground meristem: center of stem and outer edge of stem

60
Q

intercalary meristem of grasses

A

in vicinity of nodes (leaf attachment areas)
-grasses lack vascular and cork cambium
-have apical meristem

61
Q

parenchyma

A

-storage
-primary cell wall
-cells alive throughout lifespan
-can divide long after they are produced

62
Q

parenchyma examples

A

-aerenchyma: extensive connected air spaces
-chlorenchyma: numerous chloroplasts
-transfer cells: transfer dissolved substances between cells

63
Q

apical meristems

A

–primary growth: change in height
-ground meristem: parenchyma (storage)
-lateral meristem: woody plants, produce secondary tissues
-vascular cambium: give rise to additional vascular tissue
-cork cambium: produce protective cells and structures on outside of stem

64
Q

collenchyma

A

-cells with thickened primary cell walls
-play role in providing flexible support to plant structures
-ex. string of celery

65
Q

sclerenchyma

A

-have thick secondary cell walls within lignin
-dead at maturity
-most function in support
-sclerids and fibers

66
Q

complex tissues

A

-tissues composed of 2 or more kinds of cells
-xylem and phloem

67
Q

xylem

A

-transport of water and ions
-important in plumbing of plants
-combo of parenchyma, fibers, vessels, tracheids, and ray cells

68
Q

vessels

A

-open at each end
-strips can form but do not block flow of fluid

69
Q

tracheids

A

-no openings at ends
-have pits where 2 tracheids contact each other
-conifers have primary tracheids

70
Q

simple pits

A

-allow water to pass cell to cell
-bordered pits: regulate flow of materials between cells

71
Q

phloem

A

-transport of soluble foods
-complex tissue: sieve tube members, companion cells, parenchyma transfer cells

72
Q

epidermis

A

-outermost layer of cells (can include several different types of cells)

73
Q

cuticle

A

-made of cutin and added wax
-influences water loss and resistant to bacteria

74
Q

guard cells

A

-in lower epidermis
-stomate: allows gases to diffuse into or out of leaf

75
Q

trichomes

A

-can be hairs , branched, and glandular on leaf structures
-play role in anti-herbivore defense and reduce heat load on leaves in hot, sunny enviros or protecting plants from uv radiation

76
Q

periderm

A

-replaces epidermis in woody plants (cork cells have Suberin making them waterproof, protects cells below
-lenticel gas exchange

77
Q

secretory cells

A

-many cells secrete substances
-some secrete waste products to be isolated or eliminated
-some secrete useful materials (nectar, hormones, oils, resin, latex)

78
Q

bud scale scars

A

indicate how long it took to grow twig from scar

79
Q

primary meristem gives rise to:

A

-epidermis
-pith and cortex
-primary phloem and xylem

80
Q

trace

A

strand of phloem and xylem branches into each developing bud and leaf
-leaf and bud gaps form (gaps filled with parenchyma cells)

81
Q

vascular cambium

A

-gives rise to secondary phloem and xylem cells
-phloem forms first, xylem second
-cork cambium forms in woody plants to the outside and forms cork cells (become impregnated with Suberin
-to the inside forms phelloderm

82
Q

suberin

A

-protective
-prevents water loss in stems

83
Q

stele

A

central part of root or stem(primary xylem and phloem and pith)

84
Q

protostele

A

solid core of conducting tissue
-primary phloem surrounds primary xylem (primitive plants)

85
Q

siphonostele

A

tubular with pith in center
-primary xylem surrounds pith, primary phloem surrounds primary xylem (ferns)

86
Q

eustele

A

primary phloem and primary xylem in discrete vascular bundles (conifers, flowering plants)

87
Q

dicots

A

-nutritive structures to supply energy to seed
-two cotyledons

88
Q

monocots

A

one nutritive cotyledon that supplies energy to seed embryo

89
Q

herbacious

A

tender green plant that grows during growing season and above ground parts die in non-growing season

90
Q

primary xylem

A

xylem formed initially in center

91
Q

rays

A

cells that carry materials laterally

92
Q

annual rings

A

size of tracheary elements influenced by environmental conditions in given season or year (trees in tropics don’t have these)

93
Q

false rings

A

areas with rainfall that varies greatly by season

94
Q

vessels

A

types of cells found in xylem

95
Q

heartwood

A

-non conducting
-pigments and minerals
-dark in color
-xylem

96
Q

sapwood

A

-conducting
-outer lighter colored xylem

97
Q

pine

A

-resin canals for protection
-have tracheids in xylem

98
Q

rhizome

A

underground stem (has nodes and buds)
-golden rod: rhizomes lead to expansion and spreading of plant

99
Q

tuber

A

-underground stem
-energy storing structure that leads to new growth of plant in next growing season
-ex. potato (eyes of potato are buds)

100
Q

runners

A

-above ground stem
-asexual reproduction
-genetically identical to parent plant
-ex. strawberries

101
Q

stem tendrils

A

-structures to allow plant to climb
-ex. cucumbers

102
Q

bulb

A

-ex. onion
-modified stems and leaves

103
Q

corm

A

-modified stem
-structure is entirely stem tissue; energy stored
-ex. some native orchids, gladiolus

104
Q

cladophyll

A

-modified stem (leaves reduced to thorns at nodes)
-ex. cactus

105
Q

properties of wood

A

-density
-durability
-knots: remnants of small stems growing from trunk

106
Q

wood products

A

-lumber
-pulp (paper)
-containers, boxes, kegs, etc

107
Q

seed

A

root like radicle gives rise to primary root

108
Q

adventitious fibrous roots

A

originate from stem

109
Q

root systems

A

taproot and fibrous roots

110
Q

root hair zone

A

roots hairs are projections of the epidermis

111
Q

primary meristems in roots

A

-epidermis
-cortex
-vascular cylinder (phloem out, xylem in)

112
Q

dicot root of buttercup

A

-endodermis: layer of cells with lignin and suberin
-water and minerals to pass through plasma membranes through plasmodesmata

113
Q

pericycle cells

A

lateral roots produced in woody plants derive from these

114
Q

food storage root

A

sweet potato

115
Q

water storage root

A

-manroot
-various uses and shock fish with extract from root

116
Q

pneumatophore

A

-stick above water level at low tide
-help buffer water from storms (mangroves)
-deliver oxygen to roots when growing in water or mud

117
Q

aerial roots

A

-velamen roots with thick epidermis to prevent moisture loss in tropical orchids
-can absorb water from air

118
Q

prop roots

A

-absorb water and anchor plant
-ex. banyan tree develops prop roots from branches

119
Q

contractile roots

A

-lillies
-bulbs are pulled a little deeper each year as roots develop

120
Q

buttress roots

A

-tropical fig tree
-used in architecture (ex. gothic cathedrals)

Botany (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions