Exam 2 Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
dodder
A
-parasitic plant with pale stems and piglike haustoria
2
Q
mutualism
A
both species benefit
3
Q
commensalism
A
1 benefits, other is unharmed
4
Q
parasitism
A
-1 is benefited, other is harmed
5
Q
mycorrhizae
A
-fungi that is grown in association to roots
-fungus gets sugars from host and plant gets additional water and nutrients
-85-90% of plants have this association
6
Q
ectomycorrhizae
A
remain outside of plant cells
7
Q
endomycorrhizae
A
-more common
-grow inside plant cells
8
Q
rhizobium
A
-bacteria that grow in association with roots of pea plants
-help with nitrogen fixation
9
Q
human relevance of roots
A
spices, dyes, insecticides, drugs
10
Q
cuticle
A
-made of cutin
-in upper epidermis of leaf
-prevents water loss and bacterial infection
11
Q
palisade mesophyll
A
-site of photosynthesis
-tall columnar cells
12
Q
spongy mesophyll
A
-photosynthesis, air spaces between cells
13
Q
lower epidermis
A
-guard cells that form stomates
-allows diffusion of co2 into leaf and o2 out of leaf
14
Q
bulliform cells
A
-in grasses, influence leaf expansion
15
Q
sun leaves
A
-multiple palisade cell levels
-thicker leaf
-more photosynthetic material
16
Q
shade leaves
A
-thinner
-fewer palisade cells and spongy mesophyll
17
Q
compass plant
A
-leaves are oriented to east and west and are perpendicular to ground (not directly hit by sunlight)
18
Q
barberry spines
A
modified leaves
19
Q
flower pot leaf
A
opened up and has roots inside
20
Q
floral leaves
A
-brachts
-colorful to attract pollinators to non-ornamental flowers
21
Q
carnivorous plants
A
-most environments with acidic ph soil with low nutrient content
22
Q
types of pigments
A
-carotenoids: yellow
-anthocyanin: red
-chlorophyll: green
23
Q
carotenoids
A
carotene and xanthophyll
24
Q
what happens during fall to chlorophyll
A
chlorophyll breaks down and plant stores mg from it
-this exposes carotenoids
25
abscission
process by which leaves are shed in fall by deciduous trees
26
human use of leaves
-mint, shade, food, dyes, fibers, medicine, tea
27
why do plants need water
-young cells can be 90% water
-enzymatic processes and other chemical reactions
-photosynthesis
-mesophyll cell surfaces must be moist for co2 to diffuse into cell
-cell turgor
28
osmotic potential of a solution
-a measure of the potential of water to move from one cell to another as influenced by solute concentration
-turgor pressure (pressure potential): pressure of cell contents against cell wall as a result of water entering vacuole
29
water potential
=osmotic potential + pressure potential
30
transpiration
-water enters air by way of leaf by transportation
-90% of water entering plant passes through and evaporates
-only 5% is lost through cuticle
31
pathway of water through plant
soil
root
xylem in root
xylem in stem
leaf (water used in mesophyll for photo.)
32
cohesion
-water flows from less negative to more negative potentials
-or from higher water potential to lower water potential
33
guard cells and stomate in transpiration
-change in turgor pressure when exposed to changes in light, co2, and water conc.
34
active transport of k+
-k+ pumped into vacuole while guard cells photosynthesize
-atp produced via respiration of sugars
-k+ leaves cell when guard cells stop photosynthesizing
35
stomate response to water stress
-close when water stress occurs
-abscisic acid is produced in leaves subject to water stress causing membrane leakages from cells
-k+ ions leave guard cells, water follows and cells deflate
36
cactus
-store co2 in organic acids
-co2 enters stomates at night
-co2 is released in cells to allow photosynthesis during day
37
guttation
-loss of water in liquid form from within plant through hydathodes at tips of veins in some herbaceous plants
-minerals cause water to flow into xylem
38
pressure flow hypothesis
-explanation for how dissolved sugars move between locations in plants
-aphids used to study translocation of food substances in solution by phloem
-source: leaf
39
destination of sugars (sink)
-photosynthesis in leaf (pumped by active transport into sieve tube members by osmosis)
-h2o from xylem passes into sieve tubes, creates turgor pressure
-sugars removed at sink by active transport
-h2o flows from sieve tubes back to xylem
40
macronutrients
CHNOPS
41
micronutrients
Zn
B
Mn
Cu
42
metabolism
all chemical reactions that take place in organism and support life
43
anabolism
-enzymes help form chemical bonds and build molecules
-building larger molecules
44
catabolism
-enzymes help break chemical bonds and break down molecules
-breaking larger molecules into smaller ones
-photosynthesis
45
ROYGBIV
R: longer wavelength, lower energy
V: short wavelength, higher energy
46
C3
-photosynthetic pathway with higher temps leading to decrease in photosynthesis
47
C4
photosynthesis more at higher light intensity and increase in temp doesn't affect photosynthetic rate
-tropical plants
48
cam
-ex. cactus
49
when is new chlorophyll produced
-throughout growing season
50
light dependent reactions
-energy in sunlight is captured and converted to energy of chemical bonds
-produces: atp, nadph, o2
-occurs in thylakoid
51
light independent reaction
-co2 chemically reduced and carbohydrate is formed
-Calvin cycle
-product: carbohydrate
-occurs in stroma
52
engelmanns experiment
-algae exposed to light
-bacteria attracted to o2 producing cells
-most effective light present in purple/blue and red/orange
53
chlorophyll a
-blue-green
-more abundant
54
chlorophyll b
yellow-green
-transfers energy to chlorophyll a
55
chemiosmosis
-describes how e- boosted to higher energy levels in ps1 and ps2 lead to production of atp and nadph
56
Calvin cycle
-enzyme called rubisco (most abundant enzyme on earth)
-occurs in stromas of chloroplasts
57
g3p
-glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
-2 makes a glucose
-can be used in many synthesis pathways including:
fatty acid, amino acid, glucose phosphate
58
cell respiration
-aerobic
-4 phases: glycolysis, prep run, cac, etc
59
glycolysis
-occurs in cytoplasm
-splitting glucose into 2 3c molecules
-net 2 atp, 2 nadh
60
preparatory reactions
-occurs in mitochondrial matrix
-2 nadh
61
citric acid cycle
-occurs in mitochondrial matrix
-2 atp, 6 nadh, 2 fadh2
62
etc
-occurs in crustal of mito.
-34 atp
63
fermentaion
-bacteria, fungi, animals
-lactic acid (bacteria and muscles in humans)
-ethyl alcohol (yeast)
64
primary metabolic pathways
associated with energy
65
secondary metabolic pathways
-metabolic processes not needed for normal growth and development
-chemicals found in plants that play role in primary pathways
-secondary compounds associated with resistance to herbivores and bacteria
66
alkaloids
-compounds produced in small quantities but are toxic
-codein, nicotine, quinine (malaria treatment)
67
phenolics
-lignin (woody plants), salicin (aspirin precursor in willows), thc
68
terpenoids
-camphor (disinfectants, medicinal oils), menthol, rubber
69
assimilation
-conversion of sugars to lipids, proteins, or other carbs (sucrose, starch, cellulose)
70
digestion
-conversion of starch and other insoluble carbs to soluble forms (through hydrolysis)
-ex. endosperm starch grains being digested to provide simple sugars to developing embryo
71
gravity
-shoots grow up (against gravity), roots grow down
72
growth
irreversible increase in mass due to division and enlargement of cells
73
development
-coordination of growth and differentiation of a single cell into multicellular tissues and organs
74
differentiation
-as cells enlarge, cells develop different forms adapted to specific functions
75
what can influence development
genes, internal signals, external environmental conditions
76
nutrients
furnish elements and energy for plant growth and maintenance
77
vitamins
-play an important role in reactions catalyzed by enzymes
-vitamins are coenzymes or parts of coenzymes
-needed in small quantities (most made by plants)
78
hormones
organic substances that influence many developmental processes
79
plant hormones
-act by binding to specific receptor molecules
-once bound, they trigger a series of biochemical reactions (called signal transduction)
80
main plant hormone types
auxin
gibberellins
ethylene (2 c chain)
cytokinins
abscisic acid
-rest ring compounds
81
cell signaling
signal to receptor followed by cell response
82
went's experiment with coleoptiles
-coleoptile tip onto agar and agar onto decapitated coleoptile
-auxin: influenced bending of coleoptile
-coleoptile: sheath covering shoot tip of embryonic leaves of monocots
83
auxins
-made in apical meristem (actively growing parts)
-stimulates cell enlargement
-can trigger production of other hormones and influence root initiation and stem growth
-movement is polar (away from source) and requires atp
84
bioassay of auxin
angle of curvature is measured and compared to curvature caused by known concentration of auxin
85
indole acetic acid used for...
-rooting of cuttings
-flowering and fruit set
-fruit retention
-weed control
86
gibberellins can affect...
-flowering
-stem length (not conifers)
-bud and seed dormancy
-movement is not polar and is through xylem and phloem
87
cytokinins
-stimulate cell division (promotes g2 to mitosis progression with presence of auxin)
-role in enlarging cells, delay of aging in leaves
-synthesized in root tips and germinating seeds
88
abscisic acid
-growth inhibiting hormone
-synthesized in plastids
-inhibits growth promoting effects of other growth promoting hormones
-once thought to play role in abscission
-prevents germination of seeds in fruit
89
ethylene
-ripening of fruits can be accelerated
-ethylene production increases if fruits are bruised
-pea seedlings growing in soil produce this if they encounter interference
-promotes abscission of leaves
