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Gen Bio 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(140 cards)

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1
Q

Levels of Living Things

A

Atoms, Small molecules, Large molecules, Unicellular organisms, cell specialization, Tissues, Organs, Organ system, Multi-cellular organisms, Population / Species, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere

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2
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

Genus + Species

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3
Q

Species

A

Genetically independent group that can breed with each other to produce fertile offspring

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4
Q

Genus

A

Species that share a recent, common ancestor

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5
Q

Characteristics of Life

A
  1. Composed of a common set of chemical compounds

2.Cells are the building blocks for life

  1. Contains genetic information

4.Use genetic information to reproduce themselves

  1. DNA is life’s blueprints

6.Evolution

  1. Adaptation
  2. Living organisms share similarities and a common origin
  3. Metabolism
  4. Homeostasis
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6
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary relationship among different groups

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7
Q

Node

A

Split in phylogenetic tree

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8
Q

Lineage

A

A series of ancestors and descendant population

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9
Q

Root

A

The common ancestor

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10
Q

Taxon

A

Any group of organisms treated as a unit in a biological classification system

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11
Q

Clade

A

Any taxon that contains a common ancestor and all of its descendants

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12
Q

Nucleus

A

Membrane bound structure that contains genetic material

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13
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Doesn’t have a membrane bound nucleus

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14
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Has a membrane bound nucleus

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15
Q

Classification Based on Cellular Composition

A

Unicellular + Multicellular

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16
Q

Classification Based on the Feeding Pattern

A

Autotroph + Heterotroph

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17
Q

Autotroph

A

Make their own energy

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18
Q

Heterotroph

A

Relies on other to feed themselves

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19
Q

Classification Based on their Environment

A

Producers, Consumers, + Decomposers

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20
Q

Producers

A

Produce their own food

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21
Q

Consumers

A

Consume macromolecules

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22
Q

Decomposers

A

Breaks down dead materials

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23
Q

The 6 Kingdoms

A

Archaea, Bacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, + Animals

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24
Q

Archaea

A
  • Prokaryotic
  • Unicellular
  • Many are decomposers but some are autotrophs
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25
Bacteria
- Prokaryotic - Unicellular
26
Protist
- Most diverse - Uni + Multi cellular - Auto + Hetero trophs - Some are good at moving while others are worse
27
Animals
- Multi-cellular - Heterotrophs - Consumers
28
Ancestral vs. Derived Traits
New vs Old traits
29
Homologous Features
Features that have been shared by two or more species and inherited from a common ancestor
30
Analogous Features
Features that are functionally similar but with independent evolutionary origins
31
Ingroup
The group of organisms of primary interest
32
Outgroup
The group that is closely related to the ingroup but is phylogenetically outside of the it
33
synapomorphy
A derived trait shared by two or more taxa and is inherited from their common ancestor
34
Homoplasies
Convergent evolution and evolutionary reversals can give to such traits
35
Aerobic Metabolism
A biochemical process that uses to extract energy from nutrient molecules
36
Homeostasis
The maintenance of this narrow range condition
37
Sister Species
Two species that are each other's closest relatives
38
Sister Clades
Two clades that are each other's closest relatives
39
Synapomorphies
Derived traits that are shared among a group of organisms and are also viewed as evidence of the common ancestry of the group
40
Convergent Evolution
Similiar trait may evolve independently in different lineages, a phenomenon
41
Evolutionary Reversal
A character may revert fro ma a derived state back to an ancestral state in an event
42
Parsimony Principle
The preferred explanation observed data is the simplest explanation
43
Morphology
The presence, size, shape, and other attributes of body parts
44
Monophyletic
The taxon contains an ancestor and all descendants of the ancestor, and no other organisms
45
Polyphyletic
A group that doesn't include its common ancestor
46
Paraphyletic
A group that doesn't include all the descendants of a common ancestor
47
Plasmids
Many prokaryotes have only one main chromosome and are effectively haploid, although smaller DNA molecules
48
Peptidoglycan
A cross-linked polymer of amino sugars that produces a firm, protective, meshlike structure around the cell
49
G+
- Gram positive - Blue to purple
50
G-
- Gram negative - Pink to Red
51
Coccus
Spherical bacterium
52
Bacillus
Rod-shaped bacterium
53
Spirillum
Spiral bacterium (shaped like a corkscrew)
54
Extremophiles
Thrive extreme conditions that would kill most other organisms
55
Hadboacteria
Heat lovers
56
Firmicutes
Low-GC Gram-positive bacteria
57
Heterocysts
Cells specialized for nitrogen fixation
58
Microbiomes
The communities of bacteria and archaea that live in on our bodies
59
Obligate Anaerobes
Oxygen-sensitive organisms
60
Facultative Anaerobes
Alternate between an anaerobic mode of metabolism and an aerobic mode
61
Aerotolerant Anaerobes
Can't conduct cellular respiration, but they are not damaged by oxygen when it present
62
Obligate aerobes
Unable to survive for extended periods in the absence of oxygen
63
Photoheterotrophs
Use light as their energy source but must obtain their carbon atoms from organic compounds made by other organisms
64
Chemoautotrophs
Obtain their energy by oxidizing inorganic substances, and they use some of the energy to fix carbon
65
Chemohetertrophs
Obtain both energy and carbon atoms from one or more complex organic compounds that have been synthesized by other organisms
66
Denitrifiers
Release nitrogen into the atmosphere as nitrogen gas
67
Nitrogen Fixers
Convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into a chemical form that is usable by the nitrogen fixers themselves as well as by other organisms
68
Nitrifiers
Ammonia is oxidized to nitrate in soil and in seawater by chemoautotrophic bacteria
69
Negative-Sense RNA
RNA that is the complement of the mRNA needed for protein translation
70
Positive-Sense RNA
Already set for translation; no replication of the genome to form a complement strand is needed before protein translation can take place
71
Retroviruses
Reverse transcription is a necessary component of their reproduction
72
Provirus
The integrated retroviral DNA
73
Biology
The scientific study of organisms
74
Nucleic Acids
Molecules that could reproduce themselves and serve as templates for the synthesis of proteins
75
Proteins
Large molecules with complex but stable shapes
76
Photosynthesis
Transforms the energy of sunlight into a form of chemical energy that can be used to do work such as the synthesis of large molecules
77
Cell Theory
- Cell is the smallest unit of life - Cells make up all organisms - Cells come from pre-existing cells
78
Bacteria size
1-10 um
79
Types of Microscopes
Light + Electron Microscopes
80
Light Microscopes
- Resolution: ~0.2 um - Can be focused using a glass lense
81
Electron Microscope
- Electrons - Magnetic levs - Resolution: ~0.2 nm - Can see the internal structure of a cell
82
Animals, Plants, Fungi, + Protists are Eukaryotes
83
Membrane bound organelles
Mitochondria + Chloroplast
84
Non-membrane bound organelles
Ribosomes + Cytoskeleton
85
Bacteria's shared features
- Prokaryotes - Plasma membrane - Nucleoid region - Cytosol - Ribosomes
86
Specialized features of bacteria
- Cell Wall - Capsule - Photosynthetic Membrane system - Flagella - Pili
87
Cell Wall
- Prevents plasma membrane lysis - Protects the membrane from destructive forces - Gives bacteria different shape - Targeted by some antibiotics
88
Capsule
- Slimy due to agar - Helps to escape detection by the immune systems to prevent the cells from drying out - Polysaccharide
89
Photosynthetic membrane system
- Carry out photosynthesis without chloroplasts though they are prokaryotic - Photosynthetic Lamellae have chlorophyll
90
Flagella
- Long appendages -Locomotion structures
91
Pili
- Short appendages - Conjugation - Used for adherence - Male provides the DNA + Female receives
92
Binary fission steps
Regular cell, copy of DNA, grow, cells start to pinch / split, 2 daughter cells are created in half
93
Hadobacterium
1) Deinococcus: Resistant to radiation and extreme temperatures 2) Thermus aquaticus (Taq): Resistant to high heat
94
Hyperthermophilic bacteria
Loves extreme heat (ex: extreme thermophiles)
95
Firmicutes
Some of the smallest cellular organisms
96
Firmicutes examples
Closteridium and Bacillus: - Many species produce endospores - Resting structure wit though cell wall and spore coats that can survive harsh conditions until the time is right; dormant Staphyllococcus - In pimples Mycoplasmas - Infection is easy contract because there is no cell wall - Very small (~0.2 um
97
Actinobacteria
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Most antibiotics are derived from the actinobacteria - Streptomyces produces streptomycin and hundreds of other antibiotics
98
Cyanobacteria
- Photosynthetic lamellae - Endosymbiosis - Colonies of cyanobacteria may be flat sheets, filaments, or spherical balls of cells
99
Spirochetes
- Gram-negative (mostly) - Motile - Flagella - Many are human parasites and pathogens - Others are free living
100
Chlamydia
- Extremely small parasites - Gram-negative - Some are pathogens - Causes eye infection + STDs
101
Proteobacteria
- Largest group - Highly diverse - Endosymbiosis
102
Examples of proteobacteria
- E coli - Yersinis, petis - Vibrio cholera - Salmonella typhimurium
103
What makes archaea different from bacteria?
-Absence of peptidoglycan in their cell wall - Presence of lipids of distinctive composition in the cell membrane - Ester Linkage vs Ether Linkage
104
Main groups of Archaea
- Euryachaeota - Crenarcharota - Thaumarchaeota - Korarchaeota - Lokiarchaeota
105
Types of Euryachaeota
Methanogens - Produces methane - Contributes to global warming CO2 --> CH4 - Greenhouse Effect Extreme Halophiles - Carotenoids
106
Effects of Prokaryotes on their Environment
- Element cycling - Some are symbiotic - Many microbial communities form biofilms - Effects on human health
107
Types of elements cycling
- Cycling carbon - Cycling nitrogen - Cycling oxygen - Cycling sulfur
108
Effects on human health
Beneficial + Pathogenic
109
Beneficial effects on human health
The way you are born gives you different levels of susceptibility to infection
110
Steps for an ora=ganism to be a successful pathogen
1) Arrive at the body surface 2) Enter the body 3) Evade the host's defenses 4) Multiply inside the host 5) Infect new hosts
111
The consequence of bacterial infection on the host depends on the pathogen's
Invasiveness + Toxigenicity
112
2 major types of bacterial toxins
Endotoxins + Exotoxin
113
Common features of viruses
- A genetic molecule surrounded by a protein coating called a (nuclear) capsid - Central core of genetic material + capsid - Virion - Unaffected by antibiotics - Not self-replicating
114
Reproduction of viruses
- Viruses can also use vectors or intermediate carriers to cause diseases - Provirus - Retrovirus
115
How to combat viruses
Difficulties - Made of DNA / RNA + capsid (protein) - Use host's synthetic machinery - Provirus - Changes / Evolves really fast Strategies - Vaccines - Target virus' (Docking Replication / Assembling)
116
Gram Staining
G+ - Will be stained purple or violet - High peptidoglycan G- - Will be stained pink - Low peptidoglycan (amino acids + carbs) - Outer membrane
117
Gram staining of lipid bilayer
G+ - Thick (20-80 nm) G- - Thin (7-8 nm) - Has an outer membrane and the cell membrane
118
Origin of Eukaryotic Cells
- Loss of cell - Allows the infoldings of the plasma membrane - Endocytosis
119
General features of protists
- Eukaryotic - Unicellular / Multicellular - Not plants, not animals, not fungi [Essentially it's a junk draw] - Diverse in nutrition + locomotion
120
Types of protists
- Alveolates - Stramenopiles - Rhizarians - Excavates - Amorbaozoans
121
Alveolates
- Unicellular - Mostly photosynthetic - Diverse in body form - Possess alveoli
122
Examples of Alveolates
Alveolates Dinoflagellate + Alveolates Ciliates Paramecium
123
Types of Stamenopiles
Diatom + Brown Algae
124
Diatom
- Unicellular - Autotrophic - Cell walls with silicon deposit (hard to melt)
125
Brown Algae
- The brown algae include the largest protists - The gait kelp can extend 60m long - Almost exclusively marine - Multicellular - Special Structures - Chloroplasts - Alginic Acid
126
Rhizarians
- Unicellular - Long, thin pseudopods (locomotion)
127
Rhizarian examples
Foraminiferans + Radiolarians
128
Foraminiferans
- Shells of calcium carbonate - Threadlike, branched pseudopods - Limestone
129
Radiolarians
- Radial symmetry - Thin, stiff pseudopods - Glassy internal skeleton
130
Examples of Excavates
Euglenids + Giardia
131
Euglenids
- Unicellular - Flagella - Reproduce by binary fission - Stigma - Autotrophic (when there is sunlight for some of them) / Heterotrophic - Stream line body - Has a front end vs. back end - Flagellum - Negative when going away from light and vice versa
132
Amoebozoans
Lobe-shaped pseudopods
133
Amoebozoan examples
Loboseans amoeba + Slime mold
134
Loboseans amoeba
- Lobe-shaped pseudopods - Locomotion - Food gathering
135
Slime mold
- Plasmodial slime molds - Cellular slime molds (Note real mold)
136
Reproduction in Protists
Asexual + Sexual
137
Sex in Protists / Paramecium
Conjugation - A sexual behavior not a reproductive process - Nuclear material is extensively re-organized
138
Asexual reproduction
- Splitting - Budding - Sporulation
139
Sexual reproduction
Alternation of generations ( Multicellular diploid --> <-- Multicellular haploid )
140
How do protists affect their environments?
- Primary producers - Some are pathogenic - Red tides - Some are endosymbionts

Gen Bio 1 (3 decks)

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