Exam 1 Flashcards
(203 cards)
1
Q
Pharmacology
A
-study of drug
-the actions and effects on living organisms
2
Q
Psychopharmacology
A
specific class of drugs that effects thinking, mood, and behavior
3
Q
Neuroharmacology
A
specific class of drugs that effect neurons and NS
4
Q
Neuropsychopharmacology
A
how drugs interact with neurons and their effect with thinking, mood, and behavior
5
Q
how to study neuropsychopharmacology
A
-study effects of the drug on the NS
-use drugs as a tool to study functions of the NS (EX: dopamine and reward system with cocaine)
6
Q
drugs are ___ and have ___ effects
A
variable, multiple
7
Q
what does pharmacological mean?
A
how drugs effect behavior when introduced to the NS
8
Q
what does neurophysiological mean?
A
whats happening at synapse and activity of neurons
9
Q
what does psychological mean?
A
the effects of conditioning
-EX: addiction
10
Q
what are psychoactive drugs?
A
biologically active substance that chemically alters cell structure or function of neurons which in turn, effects mood, thinking, and behavior
-alters transmission b/w neurons
-excite or inhibit normal function
11
Q
what is behavior?
A
any activity/change that can objectively measured
12
Q
the pyramid of behavior? (big -> small)
A
groups if individuals
individual
system
organ
tissue
cell
molecules
ion
13
Q
what type of cells regulate behavior?
A
specialized cells
14
Q
what are the three specialized cells?
A
sensory, neural, effector
15
Q
what do sensory cells do?
A
transduce environmental signal into biochemical signal
16
Q
what do neural cells do?
A
-info processing
-transmit, integrate, store
17
Q
what does transmit mean?
A
moving info from one place to another
18
Q
what does integrate mean?
A
receiving many signals to produce one signal
19
Q
what do neurons regulate?
A
behavior and homeostasis
20
Q
route of the signal
A
sensory cell -> sensory neuron -> interneuron -> motor neuron -> effector
21
Q
what is an effector?
A
contain sensory cells that excite or inhibit the motor neuron
-need to be in optimal range (no extremes)
22
Q
what is drug action?
A
the way the drug interacts with cells and neurons
-open/close channels
-activate enzymes
23
Q
what are drug effects and what are the different types of effects?
A
the result of drug action
-specific
-nonspecific
-therapeutic
-side
24
Q
what produces specific drug effects?
A
drug-receptor interactions
25
what produces non-specific drug effects?
environment (weather, diet)
26
what is the difference between therapeutic and side effects?
therapeutic: desired effect
side: undesired effects
27
what are the four different ways to name a drug?
-chemical
-generic
-trade
-street (sland)
28
what is the chemical name of a drug?
describes molecular structure
-IUPAC ID
29
what is the generic name of a drug?
official name
-no paten on drug
30
what is the trade name of a drug?
brand name
-paten
-proprietary name
31
are the generic and trade name capitalized?
generic name: NO
trade name: YES
32
what is the street name of a drug?
rapidly changes with generations
33
what is the chemical, generic, trade, and street name of amphetamine?
chem: dl-2-amino-1phenylpropane
gen: dl-amphetamine
trade: Benzedrine
street: speed, bennies, whites
34
what is the chemical, generic, trade, and street name of valium?
chem: 7-chloro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2[1H[-one
gen: diazepam
trade: Valium
street: tranks, downer, blues, yellows
35
what is the chemical, generic, trade, and street name of Lunesta (sleep aid)?
chem: very very long
gen: eszopiclone
trade: Lunesta
street: zombie pills
36
how are drugs classified?
depending on goals
37
what are the 5 classifications of drugs?
-CNS stimulants
-CNS depressants
-Analgesics
-Hallucinogens
-Psychotherapeutics
38
what are examples of CNS stimulants?
cocaine, ampthetamine, caffeine
39
what are examples of CNS depressants?
barbiturates, alcohol
40
what are analegesics and some examples of them?
-they make you sleepy
-morphine, codeine, heroin
41
what are hallucinogens and some examples of them?
-they distort perception and mood
-LSD, mescaline, psilocybin
42
what are pyschotherapeutics and some examples of them?
-they help regulate mood (depression and anxiety)
-Prozac, Thorazine
43
what are the three types of drug equivalences?
-chemical equivalence
-biological equivalence
-clinical equivalence
44
what is chemical equivalence?
-same chemical compound
-same drug effects
-effects same systems
-different drug name
45
what is biological equivalence?
-different chemical compound
-same or similar drug effects
-effects same systems
46
what is biological equivalence?
-different chemical compound
-same or similar drug effects
-effects same systems
47
what is clinical equivalence?
-different chemical compound
-same drug effect
-effects different systems
48
what is the Controlled Substance Act (1970)?
created 5 schedules categorized by abuse potential (not addiction) and medicinal value
49
what is schedule 1?
-high abuse
-no medicinal value
-not prescribed and tightly regulated
50
what is schedule 2?
-high abuse
-accepted medicinal value
-can prescribe, but no refills
51
what is schedule 3?
-moderate abuse potential
-accepted medicinal value
-5 refills over 6 months
52
what is schedule 4?
-low abuse potential
-5 refills over 6 months
53
what is schedule 4?
-low abuse potential
-accepted medicinal value
-5 refills over 6 months
54
what is schedule 5?
-lowest abuse potential
-accepted medicinal value
-5 refills over 6 months
55
what is the controlled substance analogue enforcement act? (1986)
tweeking an illegal drug is restricted
-bath salts, synthetic pot
56
why is alcohol hard to classifiy?
effects depend on dose
57
what happens with a low dose of alcohol?
behavioral excitement
58
what happens with a high dose of alcohol?
behavioral inhibition
59
what schedule is ADHD and what drug is used to treat it?
-treat with Ritalin (methylphenidate) which is a stimulant
-schedule 2
60
drugs affect __(all / some)__ cells
all!!!!!
61
how were drugs initially discovered most of the time?
by luck or by accident
62
what was chlorpromazine initially used for and what is it used for now?
initially: sedative for surgery
now: treats schizophrenia
63
what was lithium initially used for and what is it used for now?
initially: psychological conditioning
now: treats mania & bipolar
64
what is an example of how plant extract is used for drugs?
poppy plant was used as morphine
65
what are me too drugs and designer drugs?
when chemists alter the structure of a popular patented drug by making small adjustment to sell for their own profit
66
how long does it take for a drug to get approved?
10 years
67
how much money does it take to develop a drug?
$2.8B
68
how long does a patent last and does the patent start before or after approval?
20 years
-starts before it is approved
69
what act set stringent regulations on drugs?
Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics Act
70
what is a patent?
absolute property rights
-defined by chemical name
71
what are some considerations to take in before making a drug?
-medical need
-commercial potential
-if it is easy to mass produce
72
what are Orphan Drugs?
drugs that affect less than 200,000 people
-rare diseases
73
what was the act and incentive for orphan drugs to be produced?
Orphan Drugs Act
-added 7 years of paten after FDA approval
-encourages production of drugs for rare diseases
74
what was the percentage increase of Epi-Pen by Mylan and the years of the increase?
increased 450% from 2009-2014
75
how much more was the drug by Epi-pen in those years?
$124 to now $609
76
what was the CEO salary increase for Epi-pen and who is the CEO?
CEO: Heather Bresch
$2.5M -> $18M
77
what was the percentage increase of Daraprim (AIDs treatment) and the years of the increase?
increased by 5000% from 2010-2015
78
how much more was the drug in those years for Daraprim?
$1 to now $750
79
who is the CEO who made Daraprim?
Martin Shkreli
80
why did the prices of the drugs increase by so much?
research and development prices weren't increasing
-more money in the CEO's pocket
81
what does the new law to combat price gauging for drugs do?
allows Medicare to negotiate prices
82
how long does animal testing take?
5 years
83
why do they do animal testing?
looking at...
-toxicity
-carcinogenicity (cancer risk)
-teratogenicity (malformation of embryo)
84
what does pharmacological testing do?
observes behavior on a single trait
85
what happens after animal testing?
human clinical trials after FDA approval
86
how long does the first phase of a human clinical trial take?
1.5 years
87
what size group does the first phase of a human clinical trial test?
small group of 20-100 HEALTHY people
88
what is the first phase of a human clinical trial looking at?
how the drugs affects the human body
-safety and dosage
89
what percentage of drugs pass the first phase of a human clinical trial?
70%
90
how long does the second phase of a human clinical trial take?
2 years
91
what size group does the second phase of a human clinical trial test?
test medium size group of 100-1,000 people of DIAGNOSED patients
92
what is the second phase of a human clinical trial looking at?
the efficacy and side effects
93
what percentage of drugs pass the second phase of a human clinical trial?
33%
94
what size group does the third phase of a human clinical trial test?
large group of 1,000-3,000 DIAGNOSED patients
95
what is the third phase of a human clinical trial looking at?
appropriate dosage and adverse rxns
96
what percentage of drugs pass the third phase of a human clinical trial?
25-30%
97
what does the fourth phase of human clinical trials test and what is the group size?
safety of drug post-marketing
-occurs AFTER FDA approves the drug
-real world setting
-ongoing and never stops
98
what is pharmacokinetics?
what body does to the drug
-administration, absorption, distribution, and fate
99
what is pharmacodynamics?
what the drug does to the body
-drug interaction with target tissues
100
what do drugs absorb into?
the circulatory system
101
how do drugs absorb into the circulatory system?
-systematic administration (blood)
-crosses through membranes
102
what are the two types of administration routes?
enteral (thru GI tract)
parenteral (all other routes)
103
what is the most common route of administration?
oral (enteral)
104
oral (enteral) route
-per Os (PO)
-absorbs across GI membrane
105
what are the negatives of oral (enteral)?
-highly variable depending on previous meal
-first pass metabolism (can reduce effect)
-must have cooperation of patient
-can recall (throw up)
106
oral (parenteral) types
sublingual (under tongue)
transbuccal (chewing tobacco)
107
oral (parenteral) sublingual
absorb through mucous and salivary glands
-nitroglycerin, buprenophine
108
oral (parenteral) transbuccal
absorb through mouth lining
109
IV Injection
-directly into bloodstream
-rapid onset
-high peak
-short duration
110
IM Injection
-takes 10-30 min
-dissolved in aqueous and oil substances
-location is important
111
IM Injection dissolved in an aqueous solution
high peak
short duration
112
IM Injection dissolved in an oil solution
short peak
long duration
113
IM injection in deltoid
rapid distribution
114
IM injection in glute
slow distribution due to further away location to main vessels
-used for lg. volumes
115
SC Injection
-under skin
-insulin
-slow onset
-low peak
-long duration
116
negatives of SC injection
variable
limited volume
skin irritations
117
IP injection
-peritoneal cavity of abdomen
-similar to IM kinetics wise
-high peak
-short duration
-can deliver large amounts
-used in animal research
118
injection in CSF around spinal cord
epidural
intrathecal
119
epidural
injection outside dura mater
120
intrathecal
injection inside subarachnoid space
121
intracerebroventricular
injection in CSF
122
intracranial
injection into brain
123
what is curare drug an example of and what does it show?
injection into brain
-peripheral -> paralysis
-central -> convulsions
-shows that different areas have drastically different effects
124
inhalation
-gases, vapor, smoking, aerosols, huffing
-enter through capillaries in lungs
-large surface area
-rapid onset
-high peak
-short effects
125
does inhalation or IV injection have a more rapid onset?
IV injection
126
does IM injection or PO have a more rapid onset?
IM injection
127
Intranasal
-particles of drug snorted through nose
-absorption through mucous
-single membrane
-bypasses BBB and goes through CSF
-no 1st pass metabolism
-rapid onset (15-30 min)
-similar to IM and IP
128
does intranasal or inhalation have a more rapid onset?
Inhalation
129
Infusion Pump
-insulin
-patient-controlled analgesia
130
Pellets
-release drug overtime
-Nexplanon
131
Topical
-absorbed through skin/mucous
-transdermal patches
-suppositories
132
Transdermal Patches
-topical
-slow continuous release
133
Suppositories
-topical
-rectal or vaginal
-poor and unpredictable absorption
134
Ultra-Sound Mediated
-low and intense frequency
-increase size of skin pores
-insulin
135
Iontophoresis
-weak electrical current
-pushes/pulls molecules across skin
136
what factors help determine choice of drug route?
-patient characteristics
-concentration in blood
-amount delivered
-rapidity of onset
-duration and magnitude of effects
137
what does a rapid onset mean kinetics wise?
high magnitude, short duration
138
what does slow onset mean kinetics wise?
low magnitude, long duration
139
when is absorption complete?
when conc. at target site = conc. at administration site
140
what types of membranes controls absorption?
cell membranes, capillary walls, BBB, placental barrier
141
what other factors can control administration rate?
-route
-bioavailability
-individual differences
-solubility
142
lipid bilayer
-barrier
-semipermeable
143
fluid mosaic model
-phospholipids
-proteins
144
phospholipid bilayer
-phosphate heads = hydrophilic
-lipid tails = hydrophobic
145
passive diffusion
-non-gated
-intercellular spaces
-lipid soluble molecules (nonpolar)
-no energy
146
facilitated diffusion
-gated channel
-no energy
147
active transport
-energy
-metabolic pumps
-polar
148
what do capillaries do and what are they?
exchange materials b/w blood and cells
-one cell thick
-typically leaky
-contain pores (non-gated)
149
what are capillaries composed of?
intercellular cleft
fenestra
pinocytosis
150
what is the BBB?
-barrier b/w blood and brain
-contain capillaries and astrocytes
-selectively permeable (nonpolar)
-water soluble (polar)
-maintains stable CNS environment
-keeps CNS chemicals in
151
what is different about the capillaries in the BBB?
-less leaky
-no intercellular cleft or fenestra
-water-soluble molecules (polar) can't pass through
152
when is the BBB fully developed?
at 2 years old
153
what weakens the BBB?
trauma
infection
age
154
the BBB __(is/is not)__ continuous
is not
155
what areas in the BBB interact with blood?
area postrema (brainstem)
median eminence (hypothalamus)
156
what is special about the area postrema?
contains a chemical trigger zone
-safety mechanism
-keeps a stable amount of blood
157
what type of neurons monitor the blood in the CTZ of area postreme?
dopaminergic neurons
158
what does the median eminence do?
release neurohormones into the blood
159
what does the placental membrane do?
exchange nutrients and wastes with mom
-less selective than BBB
160
what can cause danger to the placental membrane?
due to underdeveloped BBB in a fetus
-high risk of toxicity
-lack enzymes for metabolism
-teratogens
161
what are teratogens?
chemicals that can cause birth defects
-alc, nic, coke
-can lead to low O2 levels (hypoxia)
162
what is solubility?
the ability to dissolve in a medium
163
lipid soluble
easily crosses membrane
non-polar
164
water soluble
won't cross membrane
polar
165
what does ionization do to solubility?
decreases lipid solubility
-dependent on pH of fluid and pKa of drug
166
ion trapping
-increases ionization
-traps drug in a compartment
-slows onset
-decreases peak
-prolongs effects
167
what is maintained when the drug gets redistributed after being 'trapped'?
ratio is maintained
168
what type of molecule is best at absorption?
-small
-lipid soluble
-low ion trapping
-pKa matches fluid pH
169
what is depot binding?
similar to ion trapping except NO ionization
-drug disperses in 1-2min
-drug isn't metabolized
170
how does depot binding work?
-silent receptors
-nonselective binding
171
negatives of depot binding
-decreases bioavailability
-slows onset
-lower magnitude
-longer effects
172
what are silent receptors?
holds drug but produces no effect
173
what is nonselective binding?
prevents drug from reaching target
-competition for sites
-drug interaction increases bioavailability
-occurs when bound to organs, muscles, fat, and plasma proteins (albumin)
174
when does redistribution occur?
when the drug is released from depot binding, protein binding, and ion trapping
-ratio is maintained
-slow and prolonged drug effects
175
what is drug clearance?
eliminating drug from system through the liver
-immediate and long term
176
what three things are involved in drug clearance?
-biotransformation by changing structure of drug
-elimination by kidneys through urine
-when it falls less than effective dose
177
what is half life?
measure of how long a drug stays in your system
-two types (1st order, 0 order)
178
what is 1st order half life?
-majority
-constant FRACTION eliminated
-small % of clearance sites occupied
179
what is 0 order half life?
-constant AMOUNT eliminated regardless of concentration
-all clearance sites occupied
-EX: alcohol (1/2 oz eliminated / hour regardless how much initially was drank)
180
what is plasma half life?
the time it takes for blood levels to drop by half
-distribution and elimination half life
181
what is the half life of dexedrine and cocaine?
dexedrine: 10 hrs
cocaine: 1 hr
182
what happens if you wait too long b/w doses?
can't feel it, decrease in concentration
183
what happens if you don't wait long enough b/w doses?
increase of toxic effects
184
how many administrations are needed for plasma half life?
5
185
what is biotransformation?
-metabolism by enzymes
-inactive or active
-initially in the liver
-elimination as unchanged or a metabolite
-two phases (1 & 2)
186
what is a metabolite?
drug is altered
187
phase 1 of biotransformation
non-synthetic modification
-reduction rxn (hydrolysis, pick up e-)
-oxidation rxn (lose e-, most common)
188
phase 2 of biotransformation
synthetic modification
-something is added on
-inactive metabolites
-conjugation (enzyme action; glucuronide)
-highly ionized (ion trapping and elimination)
189
Of the money spent to address illegal drug use, what percentage does the United States spend on prevention?
for every $100 spent, only $3 is spent on prevention
190
what is the most addictive drug in the world?
nicotine
191
Dr. Benjamin Rush was the first to speak out on the dangers of which commonly used drug?
alcohol
192
What was the average amount of pure liquor consumed by Americans in 1830 and how does it compare with the amount consumed today?
1830’s: 5 gallons per year
-which is 3x more than what we consume today
193
What two developments greatly increased the incidence of medical opiate addiction in the 19th century?
-isolation of morphine
-popularization of hypodermic medication
194
What was the primary medical use of opium and its extracts?
-daily struggles to make them feel better
-recreational use
195
What occurred in 1914 that was a key factor in the creation of a black market for drugs in the United States?
Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914
-put tight control on drugs
196
What event in 1917 set the stage for the passage of prohibition of alcohol in the United States?
alcohol was illegal for recreational use
-US was fighting Germany in WW1
197
Harry Anslinger of the Food and Drug Administration was a key player in outlawing the use of this commonly used substance?
marijuana
198
What federal legislation passed in 1951 was the first to set mandatory prison sentences for marijuana and narcotics?
Bog's Act
199
Which late 20th century U.S. president declared the “war on drugs”?
Ronald Regan
200
What development in the mid-1980s dramatically increased the use of cocaine in minority and low-income populations.
development of crack
-was very affordable
201
What percentage of today’s prison population is incarcerated for drug and alcohol- related crimes?
50-60%
202
How many deaths occur as a result of all illicit drug use compared to smoking cigarettes?
illicit drugs: 4,600 have died
smoking: 400,000 die per year
203
what is the #1 factor in freshman college failure, date rape, and domestic violence?
alcohol abuse
