Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Define anatomy.
A
The study of the parts of the body and how they relate to each other
2
Q
Define physiology.
A
The study of the function of the body parts.
3
Q
What is the directional term for above?
A
Superior.
4
Q
What is the directional term for below?
A
Inferior.
5
Q
What is the directional term for “toward or at the front of the body?”
A
Ventral; anterior
6
Q
What is the directional term for “toward or at the back of the body?”
A
Dorsal; posterior
7
Q
What is the directional term for “toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of?”
A
Medial.
8
Q
What is the directional term for “away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of?”
A
Lateral
9
Q
Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
A
Intermediate
10
Q
Name the floor criteria of anatomical position.
A
Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body.
11
Q
Which body plane is a vertical cut that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
A
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
12
Q
Which body plane is a vertical cut that divides the body into right and left parts?
A
Sagittal plane.
13
Q
What is the difference between a midsagittal plane and a parasagittal plane?
A
Midsagittal: a sagittal cut exactly on midline, equal right and left parts
Parasagittal: sagittal cut not on the midline, unequal right and left parts.
14
Q
Which body plane is a horizontal cut that divides the body into superior and inferior parts?
A
Transverse plane
15
Q
Name the two body cavities.
A
Dorsal and ventral.
16
Q
What cavities are in the dorsal body cavity?
A
Cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral cavity (spinal cord)
17
Q
What cavities are in the ventral body cavity?
A
Thoracic (heart and lungs) and abdomino (digestive)– pelvic (urinary, reproductive)
18
Q
Name the membrane that surrounds the organs in the dorsal body cavity.
A
Meninges
19
Q
Name the membrane that surrounds the organs of the ventral body cavity.
A
serous membrane
20
Q
A
Nasal
21
Q
A
Orbital (eye)
22
Q
A
Cervical (neck)
23
Q
A
Frontal (forehead)
24
Q
A
Buccal (cheek)
25
Mental (chin)
26
Sternal (breastbone/sternum)
27
Thoracic (chest)
28
Mammary (breast)
29
Umbilical
30
Coxal (hip)
31
Inguinal (groin)
32
Femoral (thigh)
33
Fibular, or peroneal (side of leg)
34
Hallux (Great toe)
35
Oral (mouth)
36
Cervical (neck)
37
Acromial (point of shoulder)
38
Axillary (armpit)
39
Abdominal
40
Brachial (arm)
41
Antecubittal (front of elbow)
42
Pelvic
43
Carpal (wrist)
44
Pollex (Thumb)
45
Palmar (Palm)
46
Digital (fingers)
47
Pubic (genittal region)
48
Patellar (anterior knee)
49
Pedal (foot); Tarsal (ankle)
50
Pedal (foot); Digital (toes)
51
Antebrachial (forearm)
52
Otic (ear)
53
Occipital (back of head or base of skull)
54
Acromial (point of shoulder)
55
Vertebral (spinal column)
56
Scapular (shoulder blade)
57
Brachial (arm)
58
Dorsum or dorsal (back)
59
Olecranal (back of elbow)
60
Lumbar (loin)
61
Sacral (between hips)
62
Gluteal (Buttock)
63
Perineal (region bettween anus and external genitalia)
64
Femoral (thigh)
65
Popliteal (back of knee)
66
Sural (calf)
67
Calcaneal (heel)
68
Plantar (sole)
69
Cephalic (head)
70
Upper extermity
71
Manus (hand)
72
Lower extremity
73
Name some advantages of compartmentalization.
1. Membrane surrounds each organ to physically isolate organs in the same body cavity.
2. Membranes hold each organ in its correct anatomical position.
3. Functional isolation of each organ – neighboring organs do not interfere with the functioning of each other even when located in the same body cavity.
4. Protection against the spread of infection – pathogens infecting one organ will not easily infect neighboring organs
74
right hypochondriac region
75
Epigastric region
76
Left hypchondriac region
77
Right lumbar region
78
Umbilical region
79
Left lumbar region
80
Right iliac (inguinal) region
81
Hypogastric (pubic) region
82
Left iliac (inguinal) region
83
List the levels of structural organization from smallest to largest.
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism
84
Define homeostasis.
Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions even though the internal and external environments are changing
85
Explain the difference between positive and negative feedback loops.
A positive feedback is when a body deviates from the norm and increases the
original stimulus. A negative feedback is when the body deviates from its normal
range and works to reduce the original stimulus by working against it.
86
T/F: All 11 organ systems are required to maintain homeostasis.
F; reproductive system is not involced in maintaining homeostasis.
87
List the levels of structural organization from smallest to largest.
Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organismal
88
List the chemical bonds in order from weakest to strtongest
Hydrogen bonds \< Ionic bonds \< Polar covalent bonds \< Nonpolar covalent bonds
89
What is the ideal blood pH level?
7.35-7.45
90
How do buffer systems work?
When pH is high, H+ is released by chemicals that resist abrupt changes in pH. When pH is low, H+ is bound to increase the pH.
91
Why are buffer systems useful?
They help our body maintain homeostasis
92
What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?
Organic compounds contain carbon chains that are covalently bound, while inorganic compounds do not have carbon.
93
What is the general formula for monosaccharides? Name an example.
(CH2O)n; Hexose → (CH2O)6→ glucose, fructose, galactose
94
What are the disaccharides maltose, sucrose, and lactose composed of?
Maltose → Glucose + Glucose
Sucrose → Glucose + Fructose
Lactose → Glucose + Galactose
95
What is the storage form of glucose?
Glycogen
96
T/F Lipids are hydrophilic substances that are soluble in water
F; They are hydrophobic and insoluble in water.
97
What is the universal solvent? Why is it labeled this?
Water; all biochemical reactions in the body need water
98
# What is a salt and how does it act in the presence of water?
fsdfWhat is a?
Salts are ionic compounds that dissociate in the presence of water.
99
What are the 4 types of lipids?
Neutral, Phospholipid, Steroids, Eicosanoids
100
What are eicosanoids derived from?
Arachidonic acids
101
What are steroids derived from?
Cholesterol
102
What are phospholipids composed of?
a glycerol backbone, 2 free fatty acid chains and a phosphorus containing group
103
What are neutral fats composed of?
glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acid chains
104
What type of neutral fats are liquids at room temp and solid at room temp?
Saturated → solid
Unsaturated → liquids
105
What type of fat has a double bond?
Unsaturated
106
What is known as bad cholesterol?
LDL
107
Saturated fats increase LDL which increases risk of \_\_.
MI and stroke
108
What terminal of amino acid acts as base? Acid?
Amino terminal → base
Carboxyl terminal → acid
109
What are the 2 types of secondary structures?
Alpha Helix; Beta Pleated Sheet
110
Fibrous proteins are known as ___ proteins. Globular proteins are known as ___ proteins.
structural; functional
111
What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
To stabilize the plasma membrane
112
What are the types of membrane proteins?
1. Integral proteins: span the plasma membrane and exposed on at least one side of the membrane; if spans both sides → transmembrane proteins
1. peripheral proteins → atttached to extracellular surface of integral proteins
113
What are some functions of membrane proteins?
1. Transport
2. intercellular joining
3. enzymatic activity
4. cell-cell recognition
5. receptors for signal transduction
1. attachment to cytoskeleton
114
What are the three types of junctions in the membrane?
1. Tight junction
2. Desmosome
3. Gap Junction
115
What are tight junctions?
fusion of integral proteins in plasma membrane of adjacent cells that
prevent the transfer of substances directly between adjacent cells hence, tight junctions
are also known as “impermeable junctions”een adjacent cells hence, tight junctions
are also known as “impermeable junctions”
116
What are desmosomes?
linker proteins extending from plaques on the cytoplasmic surface of the
plasma membrane of adjacent cells connected together to hold the cells together and
prevent their separation. Desmosomes are also known as “anchoring junctions”
117
What are gap junctions?
formed by hollow cylinders called connexon; it allows for the rapid
transfer of ions between cells; gap junctions are also known as “communication
junctions.” Cells connected by gap junctions are electrically coupled.
118
What are the two types of passive transport?
Diffusion (simple,facilitated, osmosis)→ substances going from high to low concentration and filtration → solutions moving from high pressure to lower pressure.
119
What are the two types of active transport?
active transport (solute pumping) and vesicular transport (bulk transport)
120
what are the types of vesicular transport?
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis
121
“Power plant” of the cell
mitochondria
122
“membrane factories” of the cell
Rough ER; membrane proteins are synthesized here before becoming part of the plasma membrane
123
“Traffic director” of the cell
Golgi apparatus
124
“demolition crew" of the cell
lysosome
125
What are the non-membranous cytoplasmic organelles?
Ribosomes and cytoskeleton
126
Name and describe the two types of ribosomes.
Free ribsomes → float in cytoplasm and make proteins that stay in cell
bound ribosomes → bound to rough ER, make proteins that go to GOlgi for packaging
127
What is the function of the smooth ER?
synthesis of fats, cholesterol, steroid receptors. also detoxification of drugs and carcinogens
128
Where in the golgi are proteins delivered and where are they released?
delivered to cid face, released from trans face
129
name the three types of vesicles that are released from the Golgi.
1. secretory vesicles which contain proteins
2. vesicles containing integral proteins and lipids that go to the plasma membrane
3. lysosomes
130
Whatt are the three components of cytoskeleton?
Microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments
131
What is the function of microtubules?
serve as tracks for vesicles; vesicular trafficking
132
what is the difference between cilia and flagellum?
Cilia → beat to move substances across the surface of cells (like moving mucus away from lung). Cilia are cellular extensions that occur in large numbers on the apical surface of cells
Flagellum → beat to move the cell it is attached to (sperm the only example). Flagellum is a singular, long cellular extension (sperm tail)
133
Which cytoskeleton structure provides tensile strength by resisting pulling forces
intermediate filaments
134
Which cytoskeleton structure is present in cells connected via desmosomes?
intermediate filaments
135
The arrangement of ___ is unique to each cell.
microfilamentts
136
Which type of cytoskeleton is involved in cytokinesis?
microfilaments
137
What are the 3 main regions of the nucleus?
1. Nuclear envelope
2. nucleolus
3. chromatin
138
How is the nuclear envelope different from the plasma membrane?
No glycocalyx; nuclear pores present that allow molecules to enter/exit the nucleus
139
What does the nucleolus assemble?
ribosomal RNA; to create the 2 ribosomal subunits
140
What is prominent in cells producing large amounts of proteins?
nucleoli since they synthesize ribosomal subunits.
141
What is chromatin composed of?
DNA and histone proteins
142
what is the structural unit of chromtin?
nucleosomes
143
What are the differences between DNA and RNA
DNA → deoxyribose, double stranded, thymine, found only in nucleus
RNA → ribose, single stranded, uracil, found in nucleus and cytoplasm
144
Name the codon and anticodon for the triplets: AGT, TTC, CGA
Codons: UCA, AAG, GCU
Anticodons: AGU, UUC, CGA
145
List the phases of the cell cycle in sequential order.
G1 → S → G2 → M
146
What tis the longest phase of the cell cycle?
G1; growth
147
What happens in the S phase?
DNA replication
148
What happens in the G2 phase?
protein synthesis to initiate and maintain mitosis
149
What are the 2 phases of cell division?
Mitosis and cytokinesis
150
What processes exhibit saturation and specifcity?
Facilitated diffusion; active transport; receptor-mediated endocytosis
151
Which organelles would be abundant in a mettabolically/aerobically active cell?
Mitochondria and Peroxisomes
152
what do peroxisomes do?
Break down harmful free radicals
153
Which organelles would be prominent in a protetin-secreting cell?
Ribosomes, rough ER, Golgi
154
Which organelle would be abundant in a cell involved in drug detox and steroid hormone synthesis?
smooth ER
155
Which organelles would be prominent in a phagocyte?
ribosomes, rough ER, Golgi
156
What is hyperplasia?
growth by increase in cell number via mitosis
157
What is hypertrophy?
Growth by increase in Cell size
158
What is neoplasm?
abnormal and excessive proliferation of cells (can be benign or malignant)
159
What are the 4 primary tissues in the human body? Name their functions.
1. Epithelial → Covering
2. Connective → Support
3. Muscle → Movement
4. Nervous → Control
160
What are the 2 main classes of epithelial tissues
membranous epithelia and glandular epithelia
161
List the 4 types of simple epithelia.
1. simple squamous
2. simple cuboidal
3. simple columnar
4. pseudostratified columnar
162
List the 4 types of stratified epithelia.
1. stratified squamous
2. stratified cuboidal
3. stratified columnar
4. transitional epithelium
163
Describe the composition and location of the endothelium.
Composed of simple squamous epithelium; lines the heart and blood vessels. Also, lymphatic vessels.
164
Describe the composition and location of the mesothelium.
composed of simple squamous epithelium; lines the ventral body cavity.
165
Describe the composition and location of the respiratory epithelium.
Pseudostratified columnar; lines the upper respiratory tract
166
Describe the composition and location of transitional epithelium.
bladder, ureters
167
What are the 2 main types of glandular epithelia?
Exocrine; secrete products onto body's surfaces and endocrine glands: secrete hormones into extracellular fluid.
168
What are the two types of multicellular exocrine glands?
Simple (unbranched ducts) and compound (branched ducts)
169
List and describe the 3 modes of secretion.
1. Apocrine: apex of secretory cell pinches off to release products
2. Merocrine: exocytosis used to release products
3. Holocrine: secretory cell ruptures to release its contents.
170
What are the 4 types of connective tissue?
1. connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood
171
Match each cell in its immature form to its respective connective tissue: fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast, hematopoietic
Fibroblast: connective tissue proper
chondroblast: cartilage
osteoblast: osseous (bone)
hematopoietic: blood
