Exam 1

Question 1

Constitutional Isomers

Answer 1

Same composition but differ in how their atoms connect

Question 2

Resonance

Answer 2

represents the delocalization and stabilization of a charge

Question 3

Bronsted Lowry Acid

Answer 3

Proton donor (will get negative charge)

Question 4

Bronsted Lowry Base

Answer 4

Proton Acceptor (will get positive charge)

Question 5

How does the Ka and acidity relate?

Answer 5

the larger the Ka the stronger the acid

Question 6

How does the pKa and acidity relate?

Answer 6

The smaller the pKa the stronger the acid

Question 7

What are the 3 factors that affect acid strength?

Answer 7

H-A bond strength, electronegativity, inductive effects

Question 8

Explain how size and polarizability affect acidity?

Answer 8

As size and polarizability increase, It decreases the H-A bond strength, increasing acidity

Question 9

Explain how electronegativity affects acidity?

Answer 9

As electronegativity increases, polarization increases, increasing the acidity

Question 10

How does the number of electronegative atoms affect acidity?

Answer 10

As the number of electronegative atoms increase, the acidity increases

Question 11

Inductive effect

Answer 11

electronegative atoms pulling electron density towards them, increasing partial positive charge on H

Question 12

How does the stability of the conjugate base effect the acidity?

Answer 12

The more stable to conjugate base the more acidic the acid

Question 13

Lewis Acids

Answer 13

accepts an electron pair

Question 14

Lewis bases

Answer 14

Donate an electron pair

Question 15

Electrophiles
Lewis acid or base?

Answer 15

loves electrons and negative charge
Lewis acid

Question 16

Nucleophiles
Lewis acid or base?

Answer 16

Loves protons and positive chare
Lewis bases

Question 17

What are the two hydrocarbon sources?

Answer 17

Aliphatic- fats and oils, single bonds
Aromatic- essential oils, single and double bonds

Question 18

Alkynes, degrees, hybridization

Answer 18

At least one triple bond, 180, sp

Question 19

Alkanes, degrees, hybridization

Answer 19

Single bonds, 109.5, sp3

Question 20

Alkenes, degrees, hybridization

Answer 20

At least one double bond, 120, sp2

Question 21

Arenes

Answer 21

A ring of C-C double and single bonds

Question 22

What is a methylene group?

Answer 22

-CH2-

Question 23

Alkane with 11 carbons

Answer 23

Undecane

Question 24

Alkane with 12 carbons

Answer 24

Dodecane

Question 25

Explain how boiling point relates to the shape of a molecule

Answer 25

Boiling point increases with molecular weight because of intermolecular forces
the straighter the chain the more surface area there is the higher the boiling point

Question 26

Alkyl Halides

Answer 26

alkyl group bound to a halogen atom
Chloro, Fluoro, Iodo, Bromo

Question 27

Alcohols

Answer 27

Alkyl group bound to a hydroxyl group

Question 28

Conformation

Answer 28

shape of a molecule with respect to bond rotation, conforms to the most stable shape

Question 29

Staggered conformation
Types and angle

Answer 29

Bisects
Anti- 180
Gauche- 60

Question 30

Eclipse

Answer 30

Aligned
Eclipsed- 0

Question 31

What are the most and least stable conformations?
Why is it the least stable?

Answer 31

Most- Staggered anti
Least- Eclipse
Because of steric effect

Question 32

Steric

Answer 32

Increase in potential energy caused when atoms or groups are forced together closer than their radii allow

Question 33

What is the most stable cyclo bond angle?
What shape does cyclohexane take on to achieve this?

Answer 33

109.5
Chair

Question 34

Draw a Chair cyclohexane with equatorial and axial lines

Question 35

What happens during a ring inversion?

Answer 35

Axial groups become equatorial and vice versa
Up substituents are still up and down substituents are still down

Question 36

Stereoisomers

Answer 36

same connectivity but different positions in space