Exam 1 Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
The exchange of meaning between a sender and receiver
A
Communication
2
Q
A code, which includes words and sentences used to convey ideas and feelings (spoken language, written language, sign language)
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Language
3
Q
Programmed movements of the oral cavity to form a sequence of sound that represents words, phrases, and sentences. How you form sound
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Speech
4
Q
Describes how a child is presented or born with a disorder
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Congenital disorder
5
Q
Describes how a child acquired a disorder after birth.
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Acquired disorder
6
Q
Getting into a car accident you may acquire a traumatic brain injury
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Acquired disorder
7
Q
Getting meningitis as a young child, resulting in becoming deaf
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Acquired disorder
8
Q
A loss or abnormality of a physiological, physchological or anatomic structure or function
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Impairment
9
Q
Loss of hearing-when a person may not be able to hear well is an example of
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Impairment
10
Q
A reduced incompetence in meeting daily living needs
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disability
11
Q
If an impairment is so big, they cant function daily
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disability
12
Q
a disorder that interferes with the exchange of meaning.
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communication disorder
13
Q
when a person has different language rules from other people
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communication difference
14
Q
a respectful way to address a person
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first person language
15
Q
you address the person first, then the disorder
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first person language
16
Q
“A girl with dyslexia” instead of “a dyslexic girl”
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first person language
17
Q
disorders with a physical cause. Example patients with stroke or cleft palate
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Organic Disorders
18
Q
disorders with no physical cause or reason. Example patients with stutter but cant identify why they are stuttering, it is considered a
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Functional Disorders
19
Q
disorders that appear as a person develops or grows up, like dyslexia.
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Developmental Disorders
20
Q
disorders that are acquired after birth due to something traumatic
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Acquired Disorders
21
Q
children with difficulty with motor production of speech sounds
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Speech Sound Disorders (SSD)
22
Q
usually involves interruptions in the flow of speaking that involves smoothness, rate and effort. example stuttering
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Fluency Disorders
23
Q
when a individual uses inappropriate voice quality pitch or loudness compared to others of his own age, gender, cultural background, or geographic location
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Voice Disorders
24
Q
abnormality in the vocal fold vibration.
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Phonatory disorders
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If you are screaming for a long period of time, your vocal fold can get inflamed or swollen and will not close well, resulting in no voice. Seen lots of times with signers
Phonatory disorders
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problems in the back between the nose and the mouth
Resonance disorders
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Problems with your voice as a result of physiological stress, like yelling
Psychogenic voice disorder
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when people have trouble using words.
language Disorders
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two types of language disorders:
Receptive and expressive
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results from a pathological deterioration of the brain that progresses and worsens over time.
Dementia
31
A deficiency in the ability to detect sound
Hearing Disorders
32
due to the fluid in the middle ear, typically can be fixed with antibiotic medicine
Conductive Hearing Loss
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disfunction of the cochlear in the ear, typically will need hearing aids
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
34
combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss
Mixed Hearing Loss
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does labs, conduct research, but does not work with clients-ONLY DOES RESEARCH
Speech Language and Hearing Scientist
36
2 types of speech pathologist:
Assistant /master’s level
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to be a SLP assistant you must have:
bachelors
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to be a SLP you must have:
masters level and fully certified
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study, asses, and treat individuals who have hearing impairments. Most work at hearing aid centers
Audiologists
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national organization for speech pathologist
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA)
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organization for audiologist
American Academy of Audiology (triple A)
42
Two ways in which induvial professionals are regulated.
licensure and certification
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in the state of Texas, you do a background check, transcript sent over, fingerprint.
Licensure
44
need masters and will be supervised
Certification
45
Needed to finally be on your own! Have to have 9 months full time experience and pass exam.
Certificate of Clinical Competence
46
guide what you should be doing ‘code of ethics’ helps decide what is the right thing to do in a situation.
Ethics
47
Nervous System is divided into 2 systems
Central nervous system and Peripheral nervous system
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includes the brain and the spinal cord
Central nervous system
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includes the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves
Peripheral nervous system
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The nervous system has billions of _____. they differ in size, shape, and what they do. The basic unit of the nervous system.
neuron
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smaller, short, lots of them, bring the information into the cell body by making contact with other cells.
Dendrites
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controlling station
Nucleus
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cell body
soma
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sends information out to other cells
axon
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found on the axon. Covers the entire axon helps transmit impulses
Myelin sheaths
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sensory that sends information from the body, into the brain
Afferent
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motor that sends information from the brain to the body
Efferent
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chemical messengers of the nervous system
Neurotransmitters
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process of firing neurotransmitters from the end of the axon over the dendrites of another neuron
Synapse
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area at the end of the axon, that carries the neurotransmitters
Presynaptic area
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the space between the presynaptic area and the postsynaptic area.
Synaptic Cleft
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area on the dendrite, that receive information
Post synaptic area
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includes the cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
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made up of two hemispheres. Each hemisphere has four lobes
cerebrum
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motor planning and execution
Frontal
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sensory and spatial processing
parietal
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auditory processes
Temporal
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visual processing
Occipital
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a series of connecting pathways between both hemispheres.
Corpus Callosum
70
Fissures are major landmarks that divide the brain.
Major Fissures
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separates or divides the frontal and parental lobes from the temporal lobes.
Lateral fissure/Sylvian Fissure-
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which separates or divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.
Central Fissure/Central Sulcus/Rolandic Fissure-
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within the cerebrum, we have _________ processing happening.
Sensory and Motor processing
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lies at the base of the brain(bottom), have all kinds of afferent/efferent information going to and from the brain (example temperature and pain
brainstem
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lies at the bottom of the brain, but behind the brain. Helps with balance and coordination
Cerebellum
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Spinal Cord
involves the
cervical(7)
thoracic (12)
lumbar (5)
sacral(5)
coccygeal
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come from the cerebrum and brain stem. Sensory and or motor functions
cranial nerves
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come from the spinal cord. Sensory and or motor functions
spinal nerves
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in charge of speech and language
The left hemisphere
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in charge of wholelistic processing, face recognition, comprehension and music
right hemisphere
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numbers different parts of the brain and list what they are in charge of.
Brodmann’s numbering system
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Numbering system corresponds with the brain and functions
Brodmann’s numbering system
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anterior to the central Sulcus. In charge of motor functions for the opposite side of the body INITIATES MOTOR MOVEMENT
Precentral gyrus
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posterior to the central Sulcus. In charge of sensory information on the opposite side of the body
Postcentral gyrus
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If a stoke happens and the right side is paralyzed, this means the stoke happened on the ______ gyrus
left precentral gyrus
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in between the precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus is
the central fissure
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Located in the frontal lobe. In charge of planning and carrying out speech movements.
Broca’s area/Frontal Lobe(BRODMANNS #44)
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(BRODMANNS #44)-
Broca’s area
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If a stoke happens in this area= speech delays or difficultly in speaking, but comprehension is good, which means you are able to understand what someone is saying.
brocas area
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located in the temporal lobe. In charge of understanding speech.
Wernicke’s area/Temporal lobe(BRODMANNS#22)
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If a stroke in this area= not be able to understand speech, but speech is good!
wernickes area
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(BRODMANNS#22)
Wernicke’s area
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connects the Wernicke’s area with the bocas area. Helps them to communicate
Arcuate Fasciculus
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direct pathway from the cerebrum to the peripheral nerves. Originates in the precentral gyrus.
pyramidal
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indirect pathways from the cerebrum to peripheral nerves
Extrapyramidal
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when fibers or pathways cross from one side of the body to the other.
Decussion
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producing the sounds and sound sequences of their language
Phonetics
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with understanding and implementing the underlying rules for producing sounds and sequences
Phonology
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What is the velopharyngeal closure
Velopharyngeal closure takes place during speech production and necessary for the pharynx to close.
100
velopharyngeal closure steps:
1. the posterior pharyngeal wall has to move anteriorly
2.the lateral pharyngeal wall will have to move medially.
3.the soft palate has to move posteriorly and superiorly.
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the major structures of the respiratory system
The major structures of the respiratory system are the trachea, the bronchus, the lungs, and the diaphragm
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major structures of the resonation system?
pharynx
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major structures of the articulatory system
the oral cavity.
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major structures of the phonation system
larynx
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What are some common speech disorders in children or adults?
cleft palate and cerebral palsy. Also, speech sounds disorders which can include lisps, and fluency disorders, which can include speech stutters.
106
how to differentiate between a communication disorder and a communication difference
look into the persons background
107
the differences between certification and licensure?
A licensure is given by the state, while a certification is giving by American- Speech- Language- Hearing Association (ASHA)
108
3 Major subsystems involved in producing speech:
the respiratory system,
the phonatory system,
the articulatory system
109
Consonants are described by:
Place of Articulation
Manner of Articulation
Voicing
110
when a person is behind schedule, but shows normal behavior for his age
Delay
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when a person has difficulties and shows behaviors that are not normal for their age group.
Speech disorder
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Severity related to:
The accuracy of production
Number of sounds produced accurately
Ability to produce sounds accurately in different word positions
The ability to produce sound sequences
113
Severity Levels:
mild, moderate, severe
114
if the child speaks the way he speaks in his neighborhood; look into his environment
Dialect
115
what caused a disorder
Etiology
116
when you can’t identify something physically wrong.
functional
117
when you are able to identify something physically wrong
organic
118
ability to take in information
Perceptual/Input related
119
something physically wrong, like a cleft palate
Structural
120
information carrying out of the body. If something is wrong with muscles or physical movement
Motor/output-related
121
A person may have speech sound disorders and other types of disorders as well. Seen in many patients with autism.
co-occurrence
122
determine the type and severity if the disorder or the delay (is it mild? What type of disorder? Delayed or disorder?)
Goals
123
Procedures/Materials for assessment:
the child's suspected or diagnosed etiology,
chronological and developmental age,
the primary language spoken
124
as you prepare your materials, you need to look at these to make sure you have the correct information. Know their age group to avoid making any mistakes
preparing materials
125
Using the information gathered:
To analyze (what are they doing?)
To understand patterns (child's productions and comparison population)
Decisions about treatment/therapy
126
gather a sample of the patient’s speech. Need to collect a REPRESENTATION speech sample! Meaning a sample of how he normally talks. Do this by asking questions, creating a safe environment, play with toys.
speech samples
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Creating a list of what he can and cant do. “he said ____ instead of ____”
Inventory of speech sounds.
128
a child may be better in some areas, not just in single words assessments)
Several Measures of Assessment
129
Analyzing a single word
Articulation Tests
130
“has problems with fricatives”. You want to listen and write down all his speech patterns
Describe speech behaviors
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look at his age group and compare
SLP compares child’s inventory to chronological age.
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try to determine what is causing this problem
Etiology
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Analyzing speech
Describe speech behaviors
SLP compares child’s inventory to chronological age.
Etiology
Address Respiration, Phonation, Resonation, Articulation.
Describing SODA:
134
producing one sound for another (wabbit for rabbit
Substitutions
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leaves off sound or omits it (do for Dog)
ommisions
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kind of making the sound, but distorting it(sue for shoe)
distortions
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adds a sound (doga for dog)
addition
138
taking a look inside the patient’s mouth and making sure everything is okay. Looking to see if something is physically wrong. Take a look at the face, eyes, teeth
Oral Peripheral Exam
139
if a person fails a hearing test, we want to know is it an ear infection or are they not able to hear language
A hearing test
140
Other tests
checking for stutters, language, grammar, voice problems
141
looking to see if a child needs therapy
Treatment/Intervention
142
Goals of Treatment/Intervention
Chronological Age
Intelligibility
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do they talk like somebody their age
Chronological Age
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are they able to be understood by others
intelligibility
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works with babies between 0-3 years old. With NICU babies and home visits
Early intervention programs
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works with 4 year olds- seniors
In public school educational settings
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Work in the NICU and patients who have had strokes, car accidents, or induvial at the hospital who need speech or eating help
Hospitals
148
therapy for 30 minutes, open to the community
Community clinics
149
three possible etiological categories for articulation disorders?
perceptual etiology, structural etiology, and motor etiology.
150
when a child has difficulty with speech production or producing speech.
Articulation Disorder
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The way sound is produced.
Articulation.
152
The way a child speaks, which helps determine whether or not a child will need therapy.
Intelligibility
153
The smallest unit of sound that create meaning.
Phoneme
154
The rules used for combining sounds to form words.
Phonology
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A test used for analyzing single words which focus on initial, medial, and final positions to see where a child stands within their speech production.
Single Word Articulation Test
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A sample taken by speech language pathologist, which allows for a better understanding of how a child talks and what they need help with
Spontaneous Speech and Language Sample
157
When a person shows a delay or falls behind in speech production, but usually show normal behaviors.
Speech Delay
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when a person shows difficultly with speech production, but usually show behaviors that are not normal.
Speech Disorder
