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Sensation And Perception > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the perceptual process?

A

the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information

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2
Q

What are the first two steps of the perceptual process?

A

Distal and Proximal Stimuli

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3
Q

If someone is just observing a tree, his perception of the tree is based on what stimulus?

A

Distal stimulus

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4
Q

If someone is hearing the rustling of the leaves, what stimuli is being used?

A

Proximal stimulus, its in the “proximity” to the receptors.

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5
Q

The light and pressure waves that stimulate the receptors introduce one of the central principles of perception called….

A

Principle of transformation

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6
Q

Perception occurs in what senses?

A

Sight, taste, hearing, smell, and touch

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7
Q

We must first sense _____ before we perceive.

A

Stimuli

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8
Q

What happens during the perceptual process when sound hits the ear?

A

Stimulus hits receptors alerting the brain.

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9
Q

The minimum stimulation needed to register a particular stimulus 50% of the time is called

A

Our absolute threshold of sensation.

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10
Q

In the cerebral cortex, what are the 4 primary receiving areas?

A

Occipital Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Frontal Lobe

OTPF

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11
Q

The transformation of environmental energy such as light sound or thermal energy to electrical energy is called

A

Transduction

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12
Q

What is step 4 in the perceptual process?

A

Neural Processing

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13
Q

The changes in signals that occur as they are transmitted through this maze of neurons is called…

A

Neural processing

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14
Q

What lobe controls skin senses

A

Parietal Lobe

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15
Q

What lobe receives signals from all of the senses and plays an important role in perceptions that involve the coordination or information received through two or more senses?

A

Frontal Lobe

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16
Q

What is the primary receiving area for vision ?

A

Occipital Lobe

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17
Q

The area of hearing is located in part of the….

A

Temporal lobe

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18
Q

These receptors detect changes in the internal as well as external environment.

A

Sensory Receptors

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19
Q

Step 5-7 in the perceptual process is

A

Behavioral Responses

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20
Q

Electrical signals have been transformed into the conscious experience of 

A

Perception

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21
Q

What comes after the conscious experience in perception an places objects into categories?

A

Recognition

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22
Q

What is it called when you have problems recognizing objects caused by a brain tumor?

A

Visual form agnosia

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23
Q

Any information that the perceiver brings to a situation such as prior experience or expectations is called

A

Knowledge

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24
Q

The rat man demonstration shows what

A

How recently acquired knowledge can influence perception

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25
An example of how knowledge is acquired years ago can influence the perceptual process is your ability to
Categorize
26
Processing that is based on the stimuli reaching the receptors
Bottom-up processing (data-based)
27
The woman sees a moth on the tree because of processes triggered by the moths image on her
visual receptors
28
An image is “incoming data” which is the basis of
Bottom-up processing
29
What is processing that is based on knowledge? 
Top-down processing (knowledge-based)
30
When the woman labels that she is seeing a moth or perhaps a particular kind of moth, she is accessing what she has learned about moths from prior experience, this is an example of what processing
top-down processing (knowledge based)
31
What are the two stimulus relationships
Stimulus perception relationship and stimulus physiology relationship
32
 this relationship relates stimuli to behavior responses such as perception cognition and action
Stimulus-behavior relationship
33
The relationship between stimuli and physiological responses like neurons firing 
Stimulus-physiological relationship
34
Horizontal and vertical orientations result in better_____ and more brain ______ than oblique orientations 
Acuity (behavioral response) and activation (physiological response)
35
What is measured in an experiment looking at the relationship between stimuli and behavior? 
Absolute threshold
36
The smallest stimulus level that can just be detected
 absolute threshold
37
Three methods for measuring the threshold the method of limits, the method of constant stimuli, and the method of adjustment. What are these methods called
Classical psychophysical methods
38
Milk and the color white are examples of
Chunking, identical knowledge
39
Sound, touch, hearing, and taste are examples of
Method of limits
40
What was a method of two point threshold in class ?
The two point demo, this occurs in the homunculus
41
If you added small amounts of weight p, what threshold is involved
Relative threshold
42
Branches out from the cell body to receive electrical signals from other neurons
 dendrites
43
Filled with fluid that conducts electrical signals
Axon or nerve fiber 
44
Neuron specialized respond to environmental stimuli
Sensory receptors
45
Electrical signals are recorded from ____ ____ of neurons using small electrodes to pick up the signals
The axons
46
Value which state is roughly the same as long as there are no signals and that are on is called
Resting potential
47
The signal identified by the predictable rise and fall of the charge inside the axon 
Action potential
48
When we refer to neurons as “firing” we are referring to the neuron having 
Action potential
49
____ refers to how neurons represent various characteristics of the environment
Sensory coding
50
The idea that one neuron can represent one stimulus or concepts such as a face
Specificity coding
51
Neurons could be so specific that there could be one neuron in your brain that far is only in response to seeing your
Grandmother
52
This condition is most common in older people destroys the cone-rich fovea and a small area that’s around…
Macular degeneration
53
About how many rodes are in the eye?
120 million
54
About 6 million ___ are in the eye
Cones
55
Where the optic nerve leaves the eye
Blind spot
56
Why do we have blind spots ?
One eye covers the blindspot of another,  it is located at the edge of the visual field, the brain fills in the spot
57
Light reflected from objects in the environment enters the eye through the
Pupil
58
The focus part of our eye
Cornea and lens
59
The cornea and lens are responsible for
Forming sharp images of objects
60
The network of neurons that covers the back of the eye and that contains receptors for vision
Photoreceptors
61
A thin layer of tissue that covers approximately 65% of the back of the eye near the optic nerve is called
Retina
62
What is the job of the retina
Receive light from the lens, convert it to neural signals and transmit them to the brain for visual recognition
63
Receptors have outer segments which contain visual pigment molecules, which have
Two components
64
What are the two components of visual pigments molecules
1. Opsin 2. Retinal
65
How many neurons are needed for an object in distributed coding ? 
Sparse coding, only a relatively small number of neurons are necessary
66
Population coding
pattern of firing across many neurons codes specific objects –Large number of stimuli can be coded by a few neurons.
67
specificity coding
specific neurons responding to specific stimuli •Leads to the “grandmother cell” hypothesis •Recent research shows cells in the hippocampus that respond to concepts such as Halle Berry.
68
Time a neuron cannot fire again in resting stage
Refactory period
69
Inferior Temporal Cortex is
The cerebral cortex on the inferior convexity of the temporal lobe
70
Why is the Inferior temporal cortex so crucial
Its crucial for visual object recognition and is considered to be the final stage in the ventral cortical visual system.
71
The ________ is a part of the human visual system that is specialized for facial recognition
Fusiform face area

Sensation And Perception (3 decks)

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