Final

Question 1

Somatososensory Sense include

Answer 1

Cutaneous Sensation, Proprioception, Kinesyhesis

Question 2

Cutaneous Sensation is

Answer 2

Any feeling originating in sensory nerve endings of the skin, including pressure, warmth, cold, and pain.

Question 3

What is Proprioception

Answer 3

Ability to sense position of the body and limbs

Question 4

Kinesthesis

Answer 4

Ability to sense, movement of body and limbs

Question 5

Cutaneous System

Answer 5

Skin: Heaviest organ in the body

Question 6

Our skin

Answer 6

Protects the organism by keeping damaging agents from penetrating the body

Question 7

The first outer layer of the skin, which is made up of dead skin cells

Answer 7

Epidermis

Question 8

This is below the upper dermis and contains mechanoreceptors that respond to stimuli such as pressure stretching, and vibration.

Answer 8

Dermis

Question 9

Mechanoreceptors in epidermis

Answer 9

Two types located close to surface of the skin

Question 10

________ receptor, fires continuously, while stimulus is present responsible for sensing fine details.

Answer 10

Merkel

Question 11

______ corpuscle fires only when is stimulus is for supplied, and when it is removed. Responsible for controlling hand grip.

Answer 11

Meissner

Question 12

What two types of receptors are located in the dermis? (deeper in the skin)

Answer 12

Ruffini cylinder and Pacinian corpuscle

Question 13

_____ Fires continuously to simulation. Associated with perceiving stretching of the skin

Answer 13

Ruffini Cylinder SA2 fiber

Question 14

_______ fires only when is stimulus is first applied and when it is removed. Associated with sensing rapid vibrations in fine texture.

Answer 14

Pacinian corpuscle RA2 or PC fiber

Question 15

_____ fibers traveling bundles, (peripheral nerves) to the spinal cord

Answer 15

Nerve

Question 16

Pathways from skin to __

Answer 16

Cortex

Question 17

What are the three spinal cord pathways

Answer 17

Medial lemniscal, Spinothalamic, Thalamus

Question 18

Medial lemniscal pathway consists of

Answer 18

Large fibers that carry proprioceptive and touch information

Question 19

Spinothalamic pathway consist of

Answer 19

Smaller fibers that carry temperature in pain information

Question 20

Both the Medial lemniscal and spinothalamic pathways

Answer 20

Cross over to the opposite side of the body and synapse in the thalamus

Question 21

Signals travel from the thalamus to the

Answer 21

Somatosesnsory receiving area (S1) and the second receiving area (S2) in the parietal lobe.

Question 22

_____ in neural functioning leads to multiple homuniculi and changes in how cortical cells are allocated to body parts

Answer 22

Plasticity

Question 23

Perceiving details is through

Answer 23

Measuring tactile acuity

Question 24

What are three ways of measuring tactile acuity

Answer 24

Two point threshold, grating acuity, raised pattern identification

Question 25

Braille

Answer 25

Raised pattern identification: using such patterns to determine the smallest size that can be identified.

Question 26

The braille alphabet consist of raised dots and a 2 x 3 matrix. The large blue dots indicate the location of the rays that, for each letter blind people read these dots by scanning them with their…..

Answer 26

Fingertips

Question 27

Both two point thresholds and grating acuity studies show

Answer 27

There is a high density of Merkel receptors in the fingertips. Merkel receptors are densely packed on the fingertips similar to cones in the fovea.

Question 28

The function of Chemical senses….

Answer 28

The only sense where stimuli go into the body.

Question 29

What are the gatekeepers of the body

Answer 29

1. Identify things that should be consumed for survival 2. Detect things that would be harmful and should be rejected 3. Cause good and bad affective responses.

Question 30

What are the five basic taste qualities and what are their functions

Answer 30

Salty: presence of sodium Sour: presence of acid Sweet: automatic acceptance response (energy) Bitter: automatic rejection response (poisons) Umami: described as meaty, brothy, savory, and associated with MSG

Question 31

What are some connections between taste quality and a Substance Effect

Answer 31

- sweetness is usually associated with substances that have nutritive value. - better is usually associated with substances that are potentially harmful. - Salty taste indicates the presence of sodium - however, there is not a perfect connection between taste and function of substances.

Question 32

Shaped like cones in located over entire surface

Answer 32

Filiform

Question 33

Shaped like mushrooms, and found on sides and tip

Answer 33

Fungiform

Question 34

Series of folds on back and sides

Answer 34

Foliate

Question 35

Shapes like flat mounds in a trench located at back

Answer 35

Circumvilliate

Question 36

The receptor sheet for taste contains papillae

Answer 36

Tongue

Question 37

The structures that give the tongue it’s rough appearance. There are four kinds, each with a different shape.

Answer 37

Papillae

Question 38

Contained on the papillae. There are about 10,000 ______

Answer 38

Taste buds

Question 39

Sounds that make up a taste bud. There are a number of cells for each bud, and the tip of each 16 out into a taste poor. One or more nerve fibers are associated with each cell.

Answer 39

Taste cell

Question 40

Sites located on the tips of the T cells. They are different types of sites for different chemicals. Chemicals containing the sides cause transduction by affecting ion flow across the membrane of the taste cell.

Answer 40

Receptor sites

Question 41

Taste buds are located in _______ except for filiform

Answer 41

Papillae

Question 42

Each Tastebud has ____ taste cells with tips that extend into the taste pore

Answer 42

50-100

Question 43

Transduction occurs when chemicals contact the

Answer 43

Receptor cites on the tips

Question 44

What are the signals that travel along a set of pathways?

Answer 44

-Chorda tympani nerve from front and sides of tongue - Glossopharyngeal nerve from back of tongue - Vagus nerve from mouth and throat - Superficial petronasal nerve from soft pallet

Question 45

These pathways make connections in the nucleus of the solitary track in the

Answer 45

Spinal cord

Question 46

After hitting the spinal cord, they travel to the thalamus followed by

Answer 46

Followed by areas in the frontal lobe, insula, frontal opervulum cortex, orbital frontal cortex

Question 47

Experiment by Erikson

Answer 47

Population coding Different taste stimuli were presented to rats, and recordings were made from the chorda tympani. Across-fiber, pattern show the two substances, ammonium chloride and potassium chloride, which are perceived similar by humans, have similar population coating, but different from sodium chloride, which is perceived as different .

Question 48

Experiment by Mueller et al.

Answer 48

-Genetic cloning was used to determine if mice could be created that possess a human receptor that responds to PTC. -Normally mice don’t have this receptor respond to the substance -The experiment was successful, but not all data showed the same results.

Question 49

Applying _____ to the tongue blocks flow of sodium to taste receptors

Answer 49

Amiloride

Question 50

Tasters, nontasters, and supertasters…

Answer 50

- Tasters have more taste buds than non-tasters. - tasters have specialized receptors for these compounds. - Super taster’s appear more sensitive to bitter substances than tasters.

Question 51

Animals are _______ meaning they have a keen sense of smell that is necessary for survival

Answer 51

Animals are macrosmatic

Question 52

Humans are ______ a less keen sense of smell that is not crucial to survival

Answer 52

Microsmatic

Question 53

Humans can discriminate more than _______ different odors

Answer 53

One trillion - find it difficult to identify odors - only successful half of the time

Question 54

Why is it difficult to map perceptual experience onto physical attributes of odorants

Answer 54

- there is no specific language for odor quality - Some molecules that have similar structure, smell different and some that have different structure smell the same.

Question 55

_______ located at the top of the nasal cavity

Answer 55

Olfactory mucosa