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Sensation And Perception > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Somatososensory Sense include

A

Cutaneous Sensation, Proprioception, Kinesyhesis

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2
Q

Cutaneous Sensation is

A

Any feeling originating in sensory nerve endings of the skin, including pressure, warmth, cold, and pain.

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3
Q

What is Proprioception

A

Ability to sense position of the body and limbs

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4
Q

Kinesthesis

A

Ability to sense, movement of body and limbs

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5
Q

Cutaneous System

A

Skin: Heaviest organ in the body

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6
Q

Our skin

A

Protects the organism by keeping damaging agents from penetrating the body

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7
Q

The first outer layer of the skin, which is made up of dead skin cells

A

Epidermis

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8
Q

This is below the upper dermis and contains mechanoreceptors that respond to stimuli such as pressure stretching, and vibration.

A

Dermis

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9
Q

Mechanoreceptors in epidermis

A

Two types located close to surface of the skin

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10
Q

________ receptor, fires continuously, while stimulus is present responsible for sensing fine details.

A

Merkel

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11
Q

______ corpuscle fires only when is stimulus is for supplied, and when it is removed. Responsible for controlling hand grip.

A

Meissner

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12
Q

What two types of receptors are located in the dermis? (deeper in the skin)

A

Ruffini cylinder and Pacinian corpuscle

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13
Q

_____ Fires continuously to simulation. Associated with perceiving stretching of the skin

A

Ruffini Cylinder SA2 fiber

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14
Q

_______ fires only when is stimulus is first applied and when it is removed. Associated with sensing rapid vibrations in fine texture.

A

Pacinian corpuscle RA2 or PC fiber

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15
Q

_____ fibers traveling bundles, (peripheral nerves) to the spinal cord

A

Nerve

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16
Q

Pathways from skin to __

A

Cortex

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17
Q

What are the three spinal cord pathways

A

Medial lemniscal, Spinothalamic, Thalamus

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18
Q

Medial lemniscal pathway consists of

A

Large fibers that carry proprioceptive and touch information

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19
Q

Spinothalamic pathway consist of

A

Smaller fibers that carry temperature in pain information

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20
Q

Both the Medial lemniscal and spinothalamic pathways

A

Cross over to the opposite side of the body and synapse in the thalamus

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21
Q

Signals travel from the thalamus to the

A

Somatosesnsory receiving area (S1) and the second receiving area (S2) in the parietal lobe.

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22
Q

_____ in neural functioning leads to multiple homuniculi and changes in how cortical cells are allocated to body parts

A

Plasticity

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23
Q

Perceiving details is through

A

Measuring tactile acuity

24
Q

What are three ways of measuring tactile acuity

A

Two point threshold, grating acuity, raised pattern identification

25
Q

Braille

A

Raised pattern identification: using such patterns to determine the smallest size that can be identified.

26
Q

The braille alphabet consist of raised dots and a 2 x 3 matrix. The large blue dots indicate the location of the rays that, for each letter blind people read these dots by scanning them with their…..

A

Fingertips

27
Q

Both two point thresholds and grating acuity studies show

A

There is a high density of Merkel receptors in the fingertips.
Merkel receptors are densely packed on the fingertips similar to cones in the fovea.

28
Q

The function of Chemical senses….

A

The only sense where stimuli go into the body.

29
Q

What are the gatekeepers of the body

A
  1. Identify things that should be consumed for survival
  2. Detect things that would be harmful and should be rejected
  3. Cause good and bad affective responses.
30
Q

What are the five basic taste qualities and what are their functions

A

Salty: presence of sodium
Sour: presence of acid
Sweet: automatic acceptance response (energy)
Bitter: automatic rejection response (poisons)
Umami: described as meaty, brothy, savory, and associated with MSG

31
Q

What are some connections between taste quality and a Substance Effect

A
  • sweetness is usually associated with substances that have nutritive value.
  • better is usually associated with substances that are potentially harmful.
  • Salty taste indicates the presence of sodium
  • however, there is not a perfect connection between taste and function of substances.
32
Q

Shaped like cones in located over entire surface

A

Filiform

33
Q

Shaped like mushrooms, and found on sides and tip

A

Fungiform

34
Q

Series of folds on back and sides

A

Foliate

35
Q

Shapes like flat mounds in a trench located at back

A

Circumvilliate

36
Q

The receptor sheet for taste contains papillae

A

Tongue

37
Q

The structures that give the tongue it’s rough appearance. There are four kinds, each with a different shape.

A

Papillae

38
Q

Contained on the papillae. There are about 10,000 ______

A

Taste buds

39
Q

Sounds that make up a taste bud. There are a number of cells for each bud, and the tip of each 16 out into a taste poor. One or more nerve fibers are associated with each cell.

A

Taste cell

40
Q

Sites located on the tips of the T cells. They are different types of sites for different chemicals. Chemicals containing the sides cause transduction by affecting ion flow across the membrane of the taste cell.

A

Receptor sites

41
Q

Taste buds are located in _______ except for filiform

A

Papillae

42
Q

Each Tastebud has ____ taste cells with tips that extend into the taste pore

A

50-100

43
Q

Transduction occurs when chemicals contact the

A

Receptor cites on the tips

44
Q

What are the signals that travel along a set of pathways?

A

-Chorda tympani nerve from front and sides of tongue
- Glossopharyngeal nerve from back of tongue
- Vagus nerve from mouth and throat
- Superficial petronasal nerve from soft pallet

45
Q

These pathways make connections in the nucleus of the solitary track in the

A

Spinal cord

46
Q

After hitting the spinal cord, they travel to the thalamus followed by

A

Followed by areas in the frontal lobe, insula, frontal opervulum cortex, orbital frontal cortex

47
Q

Experiment by Erikson

A

Population coding
Different taste stimuli were presented to rats, and recordings were made from the chorda tympani.
Across-fiber, pattern show the two substances, ammonium chloride and potassium chloride, which are perceived similar by humans, have similar population coating, but different from sodium chloride, which is perceived as different .

48
Q

Experiment by Mueller et al.

A

-Genetic cloning was used to determine if mice could be created that possess a human receptor that responds to PTC.
-Normally mice don’t have this receptor respond to the substance
-The experiment was successful, but not all data showed the same results.

49
Q

Applying _____ to the tongue blocks flow of sodium to taste receptors

A

Amiloride

50
Q

Tasters, nontasters, and supertasters…

A
  • Tasters have more taste buds than non-tasters.
  • tasters have specialized receptors for these compounds.
  • Super taster’s appear more sensitive to bitter substances than tasters.
51
Q

Animals are _______ meaning they have a keen sense of smell that is necessary for survival

A

Animals are macrosmatic

52
Q

Humans are ______ a less keen sense of smell that is not crucial to survival

A

Microsmatic

53
Q

Humans can discriminate more than _______ different odors

A

One trillion
- find it difficult to identify odors
- only successful half of the time

54
Q

Why is it difficult to map perceptual experience onto physical attributes of odorants

A
  • there is no specific language for odor quality
  • Some molecules that have similar structure, smell different and some that have different structure smell the same.
55
Q

_______ located at the top of the nasal cavity

A

Olfactory mucosa

Sensation And Perception (3 decks)

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