Exam 1 Flashcards
(212 cards)
1
Q
gram positive
A
All Staphylococci species, Streptococci species and Bacillus subtilis
2
Q
gram negative
A
E. coli, Acintobacter faecails, Klebsiella pneumoniae
3
Q
fastidious organisms
A
All Streptococcus species.
4
Q
organisms that tolerate 7.5% salt
A
All Staph species and Bacillus species.
5
Q
goal of glove uses
A
prevent exposure of the worker to potentially harmful organisms, and prevent contaimination of the work with normal flora from the workers of from organisms from the environment
6
Q
gloves should be put on in a manner that one does not
A
introduce organisms to the surface of the gloves
7
Q
gloves should be removed in such a manner that one does not contaminate ones self with
A
the very organisms for which the gloves were preventing exposure
8
Q
dispose of used gloves in the
A
biohazard waste disposal
9
Q
in procedure 1.1 we touched our gloved hand to the agar plate, then we touched our hair, face and cultures to the plate. What was the point of touching just the gloved hand before we touched anything else to the plate.
A
this was the control
10
Q
in exercise 1.2 we conducted a experiment using live organisms but before that we swabbed our clean gloves on a plate and after the experiment we put our gloves on the plate. What was the point of this exercise.
A
to see the bacteria that was on our hands prior and compare it to the amount of bacteria that grew on the after plate, this showed that even if we do not touch the bacteria some can still get on ourselves through the air.
11
Q
resolution
A
measure of clarity of an image. measure of the shortest distance between 2 objects
12
Q
parfocal
A
the ability of a microscope to retain coarse adjustment focus when changing objectives
13
Q
total magnification
A
magnification is the amount by which the image one views is enlarged. total magnification of the object viewed is the magnification available through the objective lens multiplied by the magnification of by the oculars
14
Q
oculars magnify how much
A
10x
15
Q
if viewing through the 40x how much is the total magnification
A
400x
16
Q
low objective
A
first objective used when viewing a slide
17
Q
low objective number
A
10x
18
Q
high dry objective
A
used to obtain higher magnification
19
Q
high dry objective number
A
40x
20
Q
you can view protozoa and fungi through
A
40x
21
Q
you must use what when using 100x lens
A
immersion oil
22
Q
you can see bacteria with what objective
A
100x
23
Q
sepsis
A
presence of microbial life
24
Q
aseptic technique
A
protocol that ensures cultures do not travel to the outside world
25
colony
group of genetically identical cells grouped on solid or semisolid matrix in a large enough mass that is visible to the naked eye
26
inoculating needle
handle with a long straight piece of wire made from metal
27
inoculating loop
tool has a handle with a long piece of wire that has been bent at the end to form a loop
28
sterile cotton swabs
used to transfer organisms from the original source to a growth medium, or to transfer a culture from one medium to another
29
loops and stabs are incinerated to
kill any organisms on them immediately prior to use
30
after you transfer bacteria with a loop or stab you incinerate it again, why?
to prevent culture organisms from entering the environment
31
thermophile
grows best above 45 degrees Celsius
32
mesophile
growth range is 10-47 degrees Celsius with an optimal range of 25-35 degrees Celsius
33
psychrophile
growth range of -5-20 degrees Celsius with an optimal range from -5-5 degrees Celsius
34
psychrotroph
able to grow as low as 0-5 degrees Celsius but may grow at higher temps with a maximum temp often well above 20 degrees Celsius
35
majority of human pathogens are
mesophile
36
aerobic
grows only in the presence of oxygen
37
anaerobic
cannot survive in the presence of oxygen and grows only in its absence
38
facultative anaerobe
prefers anaerobic but can survive in either the presence or absence of oxygen
39
facultative aerobe
prefers aerobic conditions but can survive in either the presence or absence of oxygen
40
facultative
can survive aerobic or anaerobic, inconclusive on what it prefers
41
microaerophilic
prefers lower than ambient air oxygen level and a higher CO2 lever but not a strict anaerobic condition
42
ambient air incubation
is the air found in our environment, incubating in ambient air means simply placing the culture in the room or incubator as is
43
microaerophilic incubation
a candle jar is created by placing a candle on top of the cultures, lighting it, and closing it with a tight seal. as the candle burns down, O2 is depleted, raising the % CO2 to the proper level
44
anaerobic incubation
contain no O2. obtained by fixing the O2 in ambient air with H2 and creating water
45
ambient air incubation were placed on
the normal rack
46
microaerophillic incubation were placed in
jar
47
anaerobic incubation were placed in
container
48
energy source
energy can be obtained from light or from chemical bonds
49
phototroph
obtain energy from light
50
chemotroph
obtain energy from chemical bonds
51
most organisms that cause human disease are
chemotroph
52
carbon source
carbon is needed to build organic moleules necessary for life. generally provided in the form of a carb, but some bacteria can obtain carbon from other organic moleules. some organisms can obtain from CO2 as it is fixed into organisms moleules to store energy from sunlight
53
nitrogen source
through some bacteria can use inorganic nitrogen most bacteria require an organic nitrogen source. organic nitrogen can be found in protiens, amino acids and other organic compounds
54
inorganic salts
often present in media, salts provide cofactors for enzymatic reactions and other purposes, excess salt can inhibit growth
55
vitamins
many bacteria require specific vitamins for growth. others can manufacture vitamins. humans rely on this feature for some of their own vitamin needs
56
free water
water is essential for life. bacteria require a minimum level of available water for growth
57
defined media
contains a specific and precise amount of ingredients. One knows exactly how much of a particulate sugar or amino acid is present
58
minimal media
contains bare minimum of nutrients required, often limiting the amount or variety available for purposes of study
59
general media
contains all the basic needs for most organisms
60
enriched media
contains a vast variety and amounts of nutrients, giving organisms the best chance of growth
61
2 commonly used standard methods to isolate pure cultures
pour plate method, streak plate method
62
most common used method of isolation
streak plate
63
semiquantitation
quadrant in which isolated colonies occur is dependent on the concentration of initial inoculation
64
first stage of idenfication
colony morphology, cellular morphology, gram reaction of the organisms
65
biochemical testing
refers to testing an organism for the ability to preform a single biochemical reaction or a battery of specific biochemical reactions
66
color
use terms like white, creamy, yellow, red, gray
67
size
described in milimeter, average diameter across an isolated colony
68
density
describes the ability of light to pass through the colony
69
transparent
one can see through it when it is held up to the light
70
opaque
solid, not able to see through
71
shape
describes the shape of the entire colony, use terms like round, pinpoint, filamanous or irregular
72
margin
describes the shape of the edge of the colony use terms like, smooth, wavy, irregular, woolly
73
elevation
describes the colony as viewed from the side, use terms like raised, flat, convex, hilly, pitted or craterform
74
consistency
describes the texture of the colony
75
turbidity
degree of cloudiness
76
0 turbidity
one can see clearly through the broth; one is able to clearly read print through the broth
77
1 turbidity
hazy, the broth has a slight haze; letters appear out of focus when read through broth
78
2 turbidity
cloudy, it is difficult to see through the broth; letters cannot be distinguished though one can tell they exist
79
3 turbidity
turbid, the broth is so cloudy one cannot see through it
80
cellular morphology
refers to the size, shape and arrangement of the bacterial cells
81
cellular shape
coccus, bacillus, spirillum
82
coccus
spherical in shape
83
bacillus
rod shaped, elongated, shaped like a stick or rod
84
spirillum
long and coiled
85
arrangment
diplo, chaining, tetrad, clusters, palisade, random
86
diplo
appers in pairs
87
chaining
form a chain
88
tetrad
cells tend to group in fours
89
clusters
cells clump in an irregular fashion forming grape like clusters
90
palisade
picket fence arrangement
91
random
no regular arrangment
92
bacilli cannot _______ ever
cluster
93
when prepping a slide from a broth you do not need to add
water to the slide
94
simple stain
ascertain the cellular shape and arrangement of the bacteria being studied
95
methylene blue
blue
96
safranin
pink/red
97
most common differential stain
gram stain
98
gram postive color
purple
99
gram negative color
pink
100
primary stain of gram
crystal violet
101
mordant
substance which aids the cells ability to hold a stain
102
gram counter stain
safranin
103
how to report a gram stain
gram reaction (positive or negative), cell shape (bacillus, cocci, spirillum) and then cell arrangement (chain, cluster, tetrad, loosely arranged)
104
differential stain is designed to
enhance visualizing unique morphology as well as obtain additional information that is helpful in differentiating between species
105
differential stain is based on
structural or physiologic differences between groups of bacteria
106
differential step
the procedural step in the process that determines the identifying difference between two groups of bacteria
107
differential step in gram stain
decolorization
108
report for spore stain
no spores seen, terminal/subterminal/central spore seen
109
spore formers are more difficult to
kill
110
primary stain in spore
malachite green
111
differential step in spore
rinse
112
counter stain in spore
safranin
113
primary stain/differential step in capsule
india ink
114
in capsule stain the India ink is a
negative stain
115
counter stain for capsule
crystal violet
116
fluorescence antibody stain determines if a specific _____ is present
antigen
117
lophotricous and polar
flagella at one end with multiple flagella
118
monotricous and polar
one flagella at one end
119
peritrichous
multiple flagella all over cell
120
amphitrouous and polar
flagella at both ends
121
acid fast screen for what bacteria
myobacterioum sp. and nocardia sp.
122
acid fast do not
gram stain
123
capsule
state capsule is present or not present
124
spore
state positive for spore formation or negative for spore formation
125
acid fast
state acid fast or non acid fast
126
flagella stain
state flagella present or flagella not present, where flagella are present state arrangement
127
general purpose media
designed to permit growth of most organisms.
128
nutritive (enriched) agar
designed to permit growth of fastidious organisms as well as organisms that grow well on general purpose media.
129
selective media
enhances the ability to isolate an organism by providing the adequate growth requirements for the group of organisms being selected while inhibiting the growth of an alternate group or not
130
differential media
designed to visualize a difference in some ability of two groups of organisms and narrow down the possibilities in an identification process
131
TSA classification
general/ not differential
132
TSA
most organisms grow well on TSA
133
NUT agar classification
not differential
134
NUT agar
more nutrients than TSA and is basically NUT broth with agar added to form a semisolid media, some fastidious organisms survive on NUT agar
135
blood agar classification
nutritive and differential
136
BA is based on the organisms ability to hemolyze
RBC
137
MacConkey Agar classifcation
selective and differential
138
macconkey is selective for
gram negative
139
Macconkey is differential based on the ability of the organism to ferment
lactose as a energy source
140
mannitol salt classification
selective and differential
141
mannitol is selective for
7.5% salt tolerant organisms
142
mannitol is differential based on an organisms ability to ferment
manitol
143
eosin methylene blue classification
selective and differential
144
EMB is selective for
gram negative
145
EMB is differential between
lactose feremeters
146
arm
area of microscope between tube and base.
147
base
Bottom support structure of microscope
148
coarse focus
Larger of the two adjustment knobs, this moves the objective lenses closer or farther away. Large steps
149
fine focus
Smaller of the two adjustment knobs, moves objective lenses closer or farther away in small steps. Can be used to fine tune focus after using the course focus
150
condenser lens
Mounted in or below the stage. This focuses the light on the specimen. Helps increase illumination and resolution.
151
diaphragm
Most useful at higher powers. 5 hole disc housed under the stage adjusts the amount of light passing through the stage opening.
152
eyepiece lens
AKA ocular lenses. What you actually look through.
153
field of view/field of vision
Diameter of light visible when looking into the eyepiece. Increasing lens power equals smaller FOV
154
illuminator
light source, Mounted underneath the stage.
155
nose piece
Hold the objective lens.
156
objective lens
Lens closest to the object being viewed. Each one has different magnification, 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x.
157
4x
scanning lens
158
10x
low power
159
40x
high dry power
160
100x
oil immersion
161
immersion oil
Special oil used at 100x or higher. Drop of oil is placed on the cover slip with the objective lens lowered until it touches the oil. Acts as a bridge between the glass lens and the glass slide. Oil concentrates the path of light to increase the resolution of the
Image.
162
mechanical stage/stage
Main flat stage that holds the specimen.
163
stage clip
On the stage that clip the specimen down
164
on/off switch
Controls the power to the microscope.
165
parfocal
Maintains focus on the specimen when objective lens is switched
166
resolution
Lens system ability to resolve fine details of the observed object.
167
staphylococcus epidermis GS
gram pos cocci
168
staphylococcus epidermis fast
no
169
staphylococcus epidermis 7.5% salt tolerant
no
170
staphylococcus epidermis other characteristics
mannitol nonfermenter, usually nonhemolytic
171
staphylococcus aureus GS
gram pos cocci
172
staphylococcus aureus fast
no
173
staphylococcus aureus 7.5% salt tolerant
yes
174
staphylococcus aureus other characterisitcs
mannitol fermenter usually
beta or nonhemolytic
175
streptococcus pneumoniae GS
gram pos cocci
176
streptococcus pneumoniae fast
yes
177
streptococcus pneumoniae 7.5% salt tolerant
no
178
streptococcus pneumoniae other characteristics
alpha hemolytic fastidious
179
bacillus subtillis GS
gram pos bacillis
180
bacillus subtillis fast
no
181
bacillus subtillis 7.5% salt tolerant
yes
182
bacillus subtillis other characteristics
spore former
183
escherichia coli GS
gram neg bacillus
184
escherichia coli fast
no
185
escherichia coli 7.5% salt tolerant
no
186
escherichia coli other characteristics
lactose fermenter
187
acinetobacter faecalis GS
gram neg bacillus
188
acinetobacter faecalis fast
no
189
acinetobacter faecalis 7.5% salt tolerant
no
190
acinetobacter faecalis other characteristics
lactose nonfermenter
191
klebsiella pneumoniae GS
gram neg bacillus
192
klebsiella pneumoniae fast
no
193
klebsiella pneumoniae 7.5% salt tolerant
no
194
klebsiella pneumoniae other characterisitics
lactose fermenter
capsule former
mucoid colony morphology when forming capsules
195
what species is fastidious
streptococcus pneumoniae
196
what species is 7.5% salt tolerant
staphylococcus epidermis, staphylococcus aureus, bacillus subtillis
197
ubiquitous
reside in almost every naturally occurring environment
198
universal protocal
policy followed in the medical professions requiring that one must treat every patient and every biological sample as if they carry a potential pathogen
199
opportunistic pathogens
can cause disease in the right circumstances
200
what lab type are we in
BSL2
201
after switching from high dry or oil lenses one only adjusts the
fine focus
202
only adjust coarse focus when in
low power
203
basic steps in the process of identification of bacteria strains
isolation of strain
determination of colony morphology
determination of cellular morphology and gram stain
204
you can confidently confirm a species after doing the basic steps by
biochemical testing
antigen determination
molecular techniques
205
cellular morphology refers to the
size shape and arrangement of cells
206
goal of a smear
adhere to a glass slide a single layer of bacterial cells for viewing
207
direct smear
term used in clinical settings to refer to a stain preformed directly on a clinical specimen
208
how do we know if a carb test is positive
positive means a change in color to yellow, negative stays the pink color with no color change
209
urease positive and negative
positive is bright pink and negative is no color change
210
positive and negative citrate color
positive is a deep blue and negative is no color change (green color)
211
sulfur test positive and negative
positive is black color where there is growth and negative is no black color
212
positive and negative indole
positive is when the kovacs reagent changes color into a red ring and negative is no red ring
