EXAM 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Why do we study primates?
A
To learn more about our evolution, they are diverse and have adaptations, they are ecologically, socially, and culturally important
2
Q
behaviorism
A
Everything is learned. Blank slate. Pavlov. Not a lot of consideration of evolution or natural behavior.
3
Q
Well known behaviorists:
A
Pavlov
4
Q
Well known ethologists:
A
tinbergen, von Frisch, Lorenz, Yerkes
5
Q
Early ethology
A
watching and wondering approach
6
Q
How has animal behavior studied by behaviorists
A
in a lab, controlled environment
7
Q
primitive trait
A
trait derived from a distant ancestor
8
Q
derived trait
A
shared traits due to a recent common ancestor that sets taxa apart from ancestral taxa
9
Q
1900s-1920s primatology
A
taxonomic study and comparative anatomy
10
Q
1930s-1950s primatology
A
first field observations on primate behavior (Yerkes)
11
Q
1950s-1960s primatology
A
habituation and individual rexognition (Imanishi)
12
Q
1960s-1970s primatology
A
Long term studies and primate ethnographies (‘Trimates’)
13
Q
1970s primatology
A
systematic data collected (altmann)
14
Q
What primates did Yerkes study
A
chimpanzees
15
Q
what primates did Imanishi study
A
Japanese macaques
16
Q
What primates did Goodall study
A
Chimpanzees
17
Q
What primate did Fossey study
A
mountain gorillas
18
Q
what primate did Galdikas study
A
orangutans
19
Q
What primates did Altmann study
A
baboons
20
Q
Primate studies (anthropology)
A
What can primates tell us about our ancestors
21
Q
Primate studies (psychology)
A
What can primates tell us about the human mind
22
Q
Primate studies (biology)
A
Studying primates in their own right
23
Q
Why do narratives matter in science
A
set standards for how things are done, influence studies we do and how we interpret them, can recognize their accomplishments but need to call them out
24
Q
distinguishing primitive traits
A
pentadactylism, elongation of fingers and toes, obbosable thumb and bif toe, nails instead of claws, increased reliance on vision, color vision (trichromatic), post orbital bar/closure, reduction in olifaction, large brains, longer life history
25
why nails instead of claws
protective backing to fingertips that allow for sensitive skin exposure for grasping and feeling objects
26
homologous traits
traits thatre similar due to common ancestry, similar structure may have different function. ex) different animal arms/wings
27
analogous traits
traits that've coevoved to do the same job but different ancestors, same function different structure. butterfly and bat wings
28
stereoscopic vision
forward-facing eyes that allow for accurate depth perception
29
visual predation hypothesis
primates visual traits evolved to adapt to hunting small prey
30
arboreal hypothesis
primates evolved necessary traits to live in trees, grasping hands and feet
31
advantage for primates being trichromatic
may help discern between different types of fruit vs. leaves, how to tell when fruit is ripe
32
what is post orbital bar/closure
full closure of eye socket
33
what is reduction in olifaction
smaller nose, reduced snout
34
phylogeny
the evolutionary history of a group of animals
35
taxon (plural of taxa)
a grouping that is more closely related at the exclusion of others
36
Strepserhine vs. Haplorhine
S: long, wet nose, rhinarium (divided upper lip, postorbital plate, dental comb (some), grooming claw (some), tapetum lucidum, smaller brain, shorter life history, smaller body, nochternal
H: short (except baboons and drills), dry noses, single upper lip, postorbital bar, no dental comb or grooming claw, or tapetum lucidum
37
what are the two suborders of primates
Strepserhine and haplorhine
38
how are prosimians different from strepsirrhines?
Prosimians include all strepsirrhines and tarsiers
39
Platyrrhine traits
lateral nostrils, originated in South America 40 mya, arboreal, some have prehensile tails, all males dichromatic, quadrupedal, 2,1,3,3, dental formula
40
catarrhine traits
downward nostrils, split into old and new world apes 25 mya, arboreal and terrestrial. lack prehensile tails. trichromatic, 2,1,2,3 dental formula
41
cercopithecoidea traits
tail, relatively smaller, narrow chested, fixed shoulder joints, quadrupedal above branch locomotion, old world monkey
42
Ape traits (hominoidea)
no tail, large bodied, large barrel chest, flexible shoulder joints, brachiators -> below branch, larger brains
43
cercopithecinae traits
mostly terrestrial, omnivore, strong linear dominance hierarchies, Ischial Callosities (sitting pads), cheek pouches, sexual swellings ad coloration, mostly in africa
44
examples of cercopithecinae
baboons, macaques, vervets, guenons, geladas, madrills
45
colobinae traits
mostly arboreal, folivores -> special stomach to digest leaves, foregut fermentation, no cheek pouches, Africa and asia
46
hylobatidae traits
medium size, sexually dichromatic, long arms, SE Asia, frugivores, arboreal brachiation, pair bond, duet vocalization, "lesser apes"
47
Hominidae traits
Large boodied, sexually dimorphic, eat mostly leaves and fruit, critically endangered, intelligence
48
Capuchin monkey facts
Cebidae, medium, sexually dimorphic, omnivore, arboreal, multimale-female, largest brain to body size ratio, use tools and social ritualts
49
Gelada facts
cercopithinae, large, sexually dimorphic with large canines; red skin patch, gramnivores, terrestrial, multilevel social org., rely on sexually selected symbols
50
Gibbon and siamang facts
hylobitadae, medium body. sexually dichromatic, long arms, siamangs are larger than gibbons, frugivore, arboreal brachiator, monogamous pairs, pair vocalizations
51
orangutan facts
hominidae, large, alpha males have phalanged faces, frugivore, arboreal brachiator, solitary, long distance calls, nests in trees, hips like shoulders, use tools, slow reproduction
52
gorilla facts
hominidae, large, sexually dimorphic, sagital crest, silverback male leads the troop, chest pounding, highly intelligent, make tools, can use sign language
53
bonobo facts
hominidae, large, congo, plants and fruit, multimale/female, fission-fusion, female philopatric, females exert dominance over males, less aggressive, sex important for social bonds, less tool use
54
chimp facts
hominidae, large, more dimorphic, west africa, fruit some meat, multimale/female fusion-fision, male philopatric, territorial, border patrol, tool use, violent
55
lemur facts
lemuridae, solitary, arboreal, nocturnal, small, Madagascar, herbivores some insects,
56
slow loris facts
lorisidae, small, large eyes, no tail, omnivore, nochturnal, arboreal, only venomous mammal
57
tarsier facts
tarsiidae, small, phillipines and indonesia, elongated legs to help with leaping, insects only, nocturnal, arboreal, solitary, vertical clinging and leaping, fast,
58
marmoset and tamarin facts
calitrichidae, small, claws, no opposable thumb, fruit, insects, monogamous, polyandrous, multimale, one female, chimeric twins, cooperative breeders,
59
howler monkey facts
atelidae, medium, prehensile tail, enlarged throat sac, mostly foliovore, diurnal, sedentry, male and females are trichromatic, sexual dichromatic, multi male/female, long calls for territory defense
60
evolution
genetic variation occurs, individuals are selected, populations evolve
61
natural selection criterea
1) pop size is constrained
2) ind. in pop vary
3) var. is heritable
4) var. affects orgs. fitness
62
Darwins struggle with nat. selection
didnt account for variation or inheritance
63
Lamarck's theory on inheritance
previously thought that through use and disuse organisms adapt to their environment, pass traits to offspring
64
pangenesis
every part of the body emit gemmules that migrate to gonads and are passed to offspring, changes to body during life passed to offspring
65
mendels contributions
discovered dominant and recessive factors of inheritance
66
weismanns contributions
germ plasm theory: germ cells are the agents of heredity, not body cells. proves pangenesis and lamarkism wrong
67
modern systhesis
huxley. inheritance, variation, selection, evolution
68
Waddington contributions
fruit flies. cross veinless phenotype, could induce the frequency. genetic assimilation: phenotype originally shown in response to environment eventually becomes genetically encoded. epigenetic
69
Epigenetics
changes in an organism due to modification of gene expression
70
phenotypic plasticity
the process by which organisms modify their development, behavior, or physiology in response to changing environments
71
behavior
the way an organism acts in response to an internal or external stimuli
72
tinbergens 4 questions
1) evolution (how did the behavior evolve)
2) function (why is the behavior adaptive)
3) development (how does behavior develop)
4) mechanism (how does the trait work)
73
proximate explanation
what and how. (development and mechanism)
74
ultimate explanation
why. (evolution and function)
75
how do we study primate behavior
1) make observations and questions
2) hypothesis and predictions
3) assess how to measure predictions (methods)
4) collect data
5) analyze data (results)
6) revisit predictions and hypothesis (disc.)
76
methods for studying behavior: ad libitum
descriptive account of behavior. field notes, preliminary obs, detailed descriptions of rare behavior
77
methods for studying behavior: focal scan
focus on one individual
78
methods for studying behavior: group scan
focus on group and interactions
79
chest patch reasoning
...
80
fur rub reasoning
1) social function
2) medicinal function
81
life history meaning
focuses on the evolutionary force that shape trade-offs between growth, reproduction, and survival. growth, reproduction, survival
82
life history trade-off
exists when an increase in one life history trait (improving fitness) is coupled to a decrease in another life history trait (reducing fitness)
83
fast life history
many offspring, short lifespan, early age of reproduction, low parenting effort
84
slow life history
few offspring, longer interbirth period, more paternal investment, longer life, slower growth
85
factors that select for fast life history
high infant and juvinile mortality, unpredictable envi., predation, invest in current reproduction is chances of survival are slim
86
factors that select for slow life history
paternal involvement, low infant mortality, less predation, stable envi.
87
major predictor of life history variation
body size. smaller species have earlier age of first reproduction, shorter lifespan, higher annual fertility
88
why do primates have longer juvinile period
brain size and growth, size, reliance on learning and social skills and cognition,
89
grandmother effect
pass on info., help raise children so mother can invest in reproduction, gather food and other resources, after they can no longer have children
90
how are humans unique among primates
reproductive senescence. menopause
91
which animals exhibit menopause
humans, killer whales, come captive primates?
92
socioecology
the study of how social and ecological variables come together to produce a social system
93
what factors contribute to a socioecological model
group size, competition, cognition, life history, group dynamics, sexual selection, reproduction
94
why do primates form groups
predation, resoure aquisition, care of offspring
95
disadvantages of group living
comeptition for resources, disease, social stress,
96
group living is favored when...
predation is high -> group defense
97
froup living is unfavoratble when...
competition for resource is high
98
group living: tamarins
polyandrous
99
group living: gorillas
polygyny, one male
100
group living: chimps
polygyny, multimale
101
what happens to competition when resources are dispersed
within group competition decreases, female dispersal
102
what happens to competition when resources are clumped
within group competition increases, female philopatry
103
how female patterns influence male behavior
limiting resource for male reproductive success is access to females
104
beween group competition is high
large groups, female philopatry, strong bonds
105
between group competition is low
small groups, female dispersal, weak bonds
106
within group competition is high
depostic, neoptistic, resident
107
within group competition is low
egalitarian (tolerant), dispersed
108
group living: capuchins
age and sex based hierarchy
109
how to tell the social system
between group competition forms groups, within group competition organizes groups
110
competitive regime
within group competition,
when high: depostic - strict linear hierarchies, nepotistic - matrilineal lones of dominance
111
gelada paradox
eat a dispersed non-monopolizable resource - grass
expect: female dispersal, egalitarian, tolerant
actual: nepotistic, despotic social system with strict dominance hierarchies
112
foliovore paradox
many primates that eat leaves live in small groups
They eat a dispersed resource - should increase group size
They presumably still have lots of predators - should increase group size
113
what do females fight over in gelada paradox
tubers in dry seasons when there is no grass. clumped resource/contest
114
why do foliovores live in small groups
difference in the quality of leaves
