Final Exam Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
difference between nat. selec. and sexual selec.
A
Natural: differential survival, var., heritable
sexual: differential reproduction, var., heritable, mate competition, mate choice, females invest more in offspring
2
Q
mate competition
A
intrasexual. direct competition for mates or resources for mates. selection for arnaments. male-male competition
3
Q
mate choice
A
sex that invests more in offspring is more choosey (female choice). intersexual competition, selection for ornaments
4
Q
why do females invest more in offspring than males
A
interested in quality over quantity
5
Q
direct male-male competition
A
polygynous has most m-m comp.
leads to greater sexual dimorphism
Dominance queue or priority of accrs model: compete for status, maintain status
fights are costly
slection for traits to help males win fights
6
Q
indirect male-male competition
A
alternative male mating tactics/sperm competition
7
Q
female-female compitition
A
less common, but possible. For mate, resources. traits that signal something about the condition or quality of a mate
8
Q
when do you expect to see larger testes size
A
Larger in multimale multifemale: more competition
9
Q
when do you expect to see larger sexual dimorphism
A
polygynous, more male-male competition
10
Q
sexually selected signals
A
Short hand cues of males condition or fighting ability.
11
Q
what keeps signals honest
A
when giving reliable info
signal tracks signalers condition (index signal)
accurately reflects size or fighting ability
honesty of the signal is buily in to the signal itself
12
Q
handicap signal
A
costly to produce and maintain. costs: energetic, reduced immunity, reduction in parenting, increase chances of being selected as a mate
13
Q
immunocompetence-handicap hypothesis
A
signals are boosted by T, but T is costly to maintain
14
Q
rival assessment strategies
A
if a signal is an honest indicator of a males fighting ability, rivals can attend to those signals when deciding who to challenge
15
Q
rival assessment strategies: mutual assessment
A
males should assess their fighting ability relative to their own
16
Q
rival assessment strategies: opponent-only assessment
A
males rely soley on info about their opponent
17
Q
rival assessment strategies: self assessment
A
males rely solely on info about themselves
18
Q
gelada case study
A
Pitch indicator of size and strength of individual
Gelada calls are signals of male quality
Do males attend to differences in calls?
19
Q
gelada case study: how do geladas us loud calls to deter rivals
A
loud calls used in rival assessment prediction
Male assessment, likely play no role in mate selection
Males attending to their own status and the call quality of a potential rival
20
Q
gelada case study: how did Dr. B study this
A
high quality calls played on playback
21
Q
reproductive strategies: indirect male-male competition
A
sperm competition, infanticide, sexual coersion
22
Q
reproductive strategies: parental care
A
may ensure future mating, shorten interbirth period, makes them more likely to become pregnant
23
Q
sperm competition
A
multiple males compete to fertilize one females egg. large testes ex) chimp oe bonobos
24
Q
why is infanticide a common male strategy in mammals
A
difficult for female to get pregnant while nursing infant. interbirth period very long. common in old world primates. chimps, gorrilas. Females practice promiscuity to reduce infanticide
25
why does paternal care evolve
maternal releif hypothesis: Due to the high costs of offspring rearing, parental care can enhance offspring success, accelerate the mother’s return to fertility, or both
infanticide avoidance hyp.
future mating hyp.
26
which primates practive paternal care
Owl monkeys, titi monkeys, siamang, humans
27
how do fathers recognize their kin
familiarity: treat as kin inds. youve known since birth
age cohorts: treat as kin inds. w/ similat ages to you
phenotype matching: treat as kin inds. w/ some phenotypic trate similar to your own
28
why do females get to be choosy
invest the most in offspring, very energetically draining.
Only sexually receptive for short periods of time
29
female reproductive strategies: mate that gives the best direct benefit
current condition (resources, services), resources for mother and offspring, services for mother
30
female reproductive strategies: mate that gives you an indirect benefit
current condition (genetic quality), genetic quality
31
how do sexually selected signals function in female mate choice
can show males conditin or genetic quality ex) probiscus nose monkey, Uakari monkey red faces, bird of paradise displays
32
how to test sexually selected signals in female mate choice
add more spots to peacock, cover up some on others, see how many females want to mate
33
good genes hypothesis
females select males seen to have a genetic advantage tha increases the quality of the offspring
34
sexy sons hypothesis
females prefer an arbitratu trait that provides no link to genes or health, but her sons will have it and daughters will have preference for it
35
evolution of exaggerated traits and colors are often a sign of female choice (primates very colorful)
proximate mech -> T, blood circulation, oxygenation, pigmentation
36
how does female preference for coloration in primates relate to female mate choice
coloration could be linked to good health, T, rank
37
how does female preference for coloration in primates relate to female mate choice
coloration could be linked to good health, T, rank
38
how to test female mate choice
assess in captive, solitary, rodents.
female primates look at males on computer (some more red) prefer to look at more red
39
female reproductive strategies: cryptic female choice
post copulatory mech -> choosing sperm
physical or chemical mechs. to control a males success of fertilizing an egg
39
female reproductive strategies: cryptic female choice
post copulatory mech -> choosing sperm
physical or chemical mechs. to control a males success of fertilizing an egg
40
sexual conflict
strategies of one sex imposes fitness costs on the other. series of adaptations
41
male strategy sexual coersion
female counterstrategy: social bonds, coalitions, concealed or deceptive ovulation, mate with many males
42
male mediated pregnany loss
estradiol causes abortions after takeovers. better because dont have to deal with energetic costs of pregnancy and then have new male kill old males offspring, become pregnant as fast as possible with new leader
43
male strategy infanticide
female counterstrategy: confuse paternity, friendships, deceptive ovulation, bruce effect
44
why do female geladas have bruce effect and baboons dont
baboon interbirth interval shorter and more inline with average range of alpha tenure
45
same sex behavior
fellatio amoung chimps, homosexual behavior in female mountain gorillas, g-g rubbing in female bonobos. social bonds, increase OT and reduce stress, can help in parental care and infant rearing
46
altruism paradox
the act of helping someone else, even if its costly to you
47
group selection
being altruistic for the benefit of the group, not valid because this would weed out those who were altruistic for the group and favor those who were selfish until only selfish indviduals were left. ex) lemming suicide. pays to cheat
48
kin selection
being altruistic to kin is beneficial to you becuase it increases inclusive fitness. favored when the cost of performing the action is less than the benefits. japanese macaques spend more time grooming those who are closer related to them
49
hamiltons coefficient of relatedness
(r) the probability that teo individuals share the same allele
50
inclusive fitness
direct fitness+indirect fitness
51
hamiltons rule
a trait will be favored by nat selec. if the benefits of doing the behavior * relatedness are greater than the costs of doing it
52
direct fitness
number of offspring you have
53
indirect fitness
impact that an individual has on the survival and reproduction of relatives
54
example of kin selection in primates
male marmosets will take care of brothers children, over 1/2 of males carry their brothers sperm
55
reciprocal altruism
doing something at the benefit of another and harm to yourself in hopes that later theyll do the same for you
56
prisoners dilemma
betray partner and no sentence, both betray 5 years each, both coop .5 years both, partner betrays you 10 years
| one time: always defect
repeatness interaction: titfortat
57
what must be true for reciprocal altruism to occur
1) repeated interactions
2) keep track of helpers and cheaters
3) reward altruists and punish cheaters
58
biological market theory
social animals are similar to trading partners- echange commodities due to supply and demand
| based on current need
59
attitudinal reciprocity
cooperative decisions are based on your attitude towards other, emotional not mental bookkeeping
| based on long term need
60
example of reciprocal altriusm
grooming now with no current return but expected return soon, social bonds in female baboons enhance infant survival
61
primate friendships and how theyre adaptive
can benefit from attitudinal reciprocity. Female baboon social bonds increase infant survival, social integration predicts survival in female white-faced capuchins
62
one time interaction
best to cheat and do whats best for you at expense of other
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multiple interactions
tit-for-tat, do whats best for both and will ensure future trades and a good reputation for you
64
how do animals punish cheaters
less liekly to help them in the future, 2nd party punishment but probably not 3rd
65
timeline of chimp brain growth
grow rapidly before birth then level soon after
66
absolute brain size
assumed animals with larger brains are more intellegent than those with smaller, false. larger brain to body ratio (relative brain size)
67
encephalization quotient
measure of how much brain size of a species differs from the expected brain size. based on stadard species of same taxa
68
primate brain is adaptive and costly
can process and store info but is 2% of body weight requiring 20% of energy to maintain
69
social intelligence hypothesis
large brains and advanced cognitive abilities in primates evolved as a response to challenges ass. w/ living in large, complex, social groups
70
social knowledge
kin recognition, recognizing rank, monitering relationships, capitalizing on social oppurtunities
| ex) baboons moniter others relationships and rank
71
ecological complexity hypothesis
selective forces in the physical environment like necessity to locate adn extract food are responsible for larger brains and cog. traits
## Footnote
Ex) extractive foraging of fruits and seeds and higher energy turnover and enhanced diet quality for energy needed during fetal brain growth - chimps and bonobos
72
cultural intelligence hypothesis
specialized cognition: cog. produced by nat. selec. to solve a specific problem
generalized cognition: intelligence that can be successfully be applied to solve a variety of novel probs
73
how much has brain size increased over course of human evolution
3x, cranial capacity 800-200kya
74
highers and lowest encephalization quotients
whales = highest
mice = lowest
75
communication
signal transmitted from a sender to. areceiver that changes the behavior of the receiver
76
language
arbitrary symbols used to communicate
77
human language in childhood
children born with innate core knowledge about the world, a predispositin to learn language and understanding of basic grammer, lang. aq. is self motivating, universals in grammer structuring
78
origins of language
uman language universal, components of lang. aq. are innate
adaptive: comm ideas, share knowledge, convey inner thoughts
79
discontinous apprach to origins of language
mutation in human history installed a language organ in early humans. sudden change
80
continous approach to origin of language
gradual evolution over time. changes in brain structure relevant to language learning, cog capacities, and morphological features, social factors
81
brocas area
activated in hearing inds. when dpeaking and. indeaf ppl when signing
82
wernickes area
comprehension in speaking and signing
83
temporal lobe and language
grammatical words processed here
84
prefrontal cortex and language
speech comprehension, word ass., symbolic learning
85
syntax and language
no specific area in the brain
86
FOXP2 Gene
ass. with mimicry in birds, echolocation in bats, vocal plasticity and specific language impairment in humans
87
can we teach nonhuman primates language
cat. objects as same and diff., understand and use extensive vocab, understand the relationship between object and arbitrary sound even in novel sentences, havent mastered syntax
88
learning language children vs apes
with lots of training apes learn sililarly to children. ape learning not spontaneous
89
Gua
was raised with researchers child, better at responding to commands, didnt learn to speak. hard to rehabituate later in life
90
washoe
researchers raised him, taught him sign language, unable to string words together
91
koko
knew lots of sign language but hard to tell if it was just positive reinforcement not actually understanding
92
kanzi
lexicon, knew lots of words and their symbols and could string them together. insimple ter,s
93
issues with captive language studies
no data.
categorize objects as same and different
none mastered complex sentences
not innate
94
what do captive language studies teach us
Showed evidence of protolanguage abilities in our closest relatives.
Shed light on our key differences in development and ability in language acquisition.
95
are vervet alarm calls learned or innate
as they get older, vervet alarm calls get more accurate ad specific. learned. vervets are paying attention to the calls, they have meaning
96
campbell monkey alarm calls
Redundant info fails to elicit new alarm calls in Diana monkeys
Diana monkeys are sensitive to the acoustic differences between the Campbell monkey leopard
97
cultural intelligence hypothesis
social learning, behavioral innovation, and tool use helped humans to evolve a specialized social skill set. important for brain evolution
98
how are humans and chimps differ in social cognition related to culture
children and chimps had similar cognitive skills for physical world but children had much more sophisticated cog. skills for social world
99
what is culture
Cultures are those group typical behavior patterns shared by members of a community that rely on socially learned and transmitted info
100
what makes behavior a cultural pattern
innovation: cant be innate
diffusion: spread, see variation
social transmission: be learned from others
101
material culture in primates
tools and tech
ex) termite fishing with a stick, using a leaf as an umbrella, fishing with a stick, octopus in coconut shell, crow with stick hook
102
social culture in primates
social rituals and tasks.
observational learning: washing potato because its a good method
trial and error: capuchins watch nut cracking
103
social transmission
behavior must be socially transmitted and learned from others.
social facilitation and observational learning
104
social facilitation
Activity of one animal indirectly increase the chance that other animals will learn that behavior on their own. transmitted: trial and error
105
observational learning
“Naive” animals learn how to perform an action by watching and imitating the behavior or experience of a skilled animal. transmittion: imitation
106
why is social transmission hard to study in the wild
difficult to differentiate between obs. learning and social transmission through observation alone
107
puzzle box
capushin monkeys will copy higher ranked ind. above their own ways
108
over imitation
imitate unnecessary steps and irrelevant actions. born w/ system. to immitate over learning on own. self motivate, fast transmition of knowledge,
109
how do primates differ from humans in social learning
learning through teaching. cumulative culture: cumulative change and transmission of ideas and tech males human culture advanced and complex
