exam 1 Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
what is psyche
A
meaning the soul, spirit, or mind
2
Q
what is ology
A
a branch of knowledge
3
Q
what is psychology
A
the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes
4
Q
what does general psych teach
A
a healthy respect for the complexity of behavior
5
Q
examples of human behavior
A
crying, walking, pacing
6
Q
examples of mental processes
A
thinking, perceptions, memories, emotions
7
Q
what was wilhelm wundt known for
A
father of experimental psych and founder of first psych lab
8
Q
who was wilhelm wundt
A
physician, philosopher, professor
9
Q
where was wilhelm wundt from
A
leipzig, Germany`
10
Q
who established the first journal of psychological research
A
Wilhelm wundt
11
Q
when was the first scientific psych research lab established at the university of Leipzig
A
1879
12
Q
when was the first journal of psychological research established
A
1881
13
Q
what was wundts focus
A
studying the conscious experience (sensation, reaction time)
14
Q
what is consciousness
A
the awareness of immediate experience
15
Q
conscious experience
A
sensation, reaction time, perception
16
Q
where was edward titchener from
A
England
17
Q
who did titchener study under
A
wilhelm wundt
18
Q
where did titchener study
A
Cornell university, Ithaca NY
19
Q
what was titcheners theory
A
structuralism
20
Q
what is structuralism
A
use introspection to analyze conscious into basic elements (sensation, feelings) and investigate how the elements relate
21
Q
what method does structuralism depend on
A
introspection
22
Q
what is introspection
A
the systematic self-observation of ones own conscious experience
23
Q
topics of introspection
A
auditory tones of a metronome, optical illusions
24
Q
after introduced to the introspection topics; what were participants asked of
A
to analyze/ describe their experiences
25
what are criticisms of introspection
subjective, unscientific limits(children, animals, complex topics)
26
when titchener died, what died with him
structuralism
27
who was william james
american scholar, MD, philosopher
28
where did james study
harvard
29
what was james's theory
functionalism
30
what is functionalism
investigate the function/ purpose of consciousness rather than its structure
31
who was james influenced by
charles darwin
32
"Overtime we have evovled as a species to have sophisticated consciousness, those whose consciousness is most successful at adapting will thrive and survive
william james
33
how is the human mind useful
it can be influenced to help humans adapt to the environment
34
who had an influence on educational psych and industrial psych
william james
35
education + industrial psych =
functionalism
36
who and when published the concept "stream of consciousness" in the "principles of Psychology"
william james, 1890
37
modern theories; "school of thought"
1. each theory has its own perceptive, something to contribute to out understanding of human behavior and mental processes
2. describe, explain, predict and change
38
who was sigmund freud
MD, neurologist, psychiatrist
39
what kind of people did freud treat
people with irrational fears, obsessions, and anxieties
40
who studied the unconscious mind
sigmund freud
41
what is the unconscious mind
deepest part if the mind; represses memories, desires, conflicts, fears, wishes
42
how do we access the unconscious mind
by focusing on unconscious determinate of behavior- hypnosis analyzing dreams
43
what did hypnotized women talk about
sex
44
up top parts of mind
conscious - preconscious mind or subconscious or unconscious mind
45
" disturbances are largely caused by personal conflicts existing at an unconscious level", what might cause these conflicts
1. early childhood
2. psychosexual stages of development
3. psychoanalysis
4. neurosis
46
what is neurosis
excessive and irrational anxiety or obsession
47
why was freud so controversial
he proposed that behavior is influenced by how people cope with their sex urges
48
when was behaviorism founded
early 1900s
49
who did behaviorism respond to
responded to freud
50
behaviorism
study of human/ animal behavior
51
who founded behaviorism
john b. watson
52
who did the experiment little albert
experiment by watson
53
what was the little albert experiment
a study in which a white rate was paired w/ a loud sudden noise in order to condition dear response in an infant
54
who was ivan pavlov
russian psychologist
55
what did pavlov study
classical conditioning
56
who was B.F. Skinner
a behaviorist who rejected introspection and studied how consequences impacted behavior
57
where did Skinner go to school
harvard
58
operant conditioning
B.F. Skinner
59
what is operant conditioning
a type of learning where behavior is controlled by consequences
60
what is widely used today from Skinner
operant conditioning
61
"freewill is an illusion", "all behavior is fully governed by external stimuli"
skinner
62
who was albert bandura
a behaviorist who said we learn our behaviors through conditioning(social) and mental processes(cognitive)
63
observational learning, added cognitive component to behaviorism
Albert Bandura
64
what is observational learning
learning by watching others
65
what is social cognitive learning theory
learning by observing the behavior of another person
66
where did bandura study
stanford
67
what is humanistic theory
theory that emphasized studying the whole person by looking at behaviors through both the eyes if the observer and the person
68
when was humanistic theory presented
early 1900s
69
what did humanistic theory respond to
behaviorism and psychoanalytic theories
70
name to humanistic theorists
1. abraham maslow
2. carl rogers
71
who did abraham maslow study under
edward titchener
72
what was maslow's humansitic theory
hierarchy of needs
73
what was the hierarchy of needs
a theory of motivation- can dictate an individuals behavior
74
what was Rogers humanistic theory
person-centrered therapy
75
what did the biological theory study
1. genetics
2. brain structure and functions
3. neurotransmitters
4. hormones
76
examples of biological theory
alarm reactions, genetic vulnerability
77
define cognitive theory
study of mental processes, language, memory and problem solving
78
define cognitive behavioral therapy
seeks to modify negative thoughts that lead to dysfunctional emotions to actions
79
define cross-cultural psych
study 2 or more societies
80
historically, psych has been a western science, what has promoted this change and expansion
willaim wundt and james
81
define evolutionary psych
examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a species over the course of many generations
82
3 examples of evolutionary psych
1. fears and phobias (ex. spiders)
2. how are brains are adapting to technology
3. generation after generation of stress
83
define positive psych
what makes live worth living
84
what did martin seligman study
people who are psychologically healthy
85
what are the 7 unifying themes of psych
1. psychology is empirical
2. there are multiple theories
3. psychology evolves in a socio-historical context
4. behavior is determined by multiple causes
5. nature and nurture
6. experience is subjective
7. behavior is shaped by culture
86
what are the processes of research
1. formulate hypothesis
2. design the research to test the hypothesis
3. collect data
4. analyze data using statistics
5. report the findings
87
formulate a hypothesis
a statement of what you expect to find according to predictions from a theory
88
collecting data: 2 parts
1. survey/ questionnaire/ interviews
2. naturalistic observations
89
collecting data other members
1.psychological or other tests
2. archival records
3. physiological recordings
90
correlations coefficient
statistical number showing direction and strength of relationship between 2 variables
91
examples of correlations
behaviors, traits, scores
92
correlations coefficient letter
r
93
correlations coefficients range from ----- to -----
-1 and 1
94
weak
0
95
what are the 8 ethical guidelines
1. voluntary participation
2. informed consent
3. no psychological or physical harm
4. deception is okay but must be disclosed asap
5. confidentiality
6.right to receive results
7. right to receive IV if in control group
8. approval from Instructional Review Board
