exam 1 Flashcards

Question

speech

Answer 1

Spoken language or verbal communication System in which meanings are communicated through a pattern of movements generated by the speech mechanism and a measureable pattern of acoustic vibrations. Requires very precise neuromuscular coordination.

Answer 2

Articulation Prosody Pitch Intonation Fluency-rhythm and rate of speech

Answer 3

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM LARYNEGEAL SYSTEM ARTICULATORY/RESONATING SYSTEM which includes the SUPRALARYNGEAL (Pharyngeal- oral-nasal cavities).

Answer 4

Socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through arbitrary symbols and rule-governed combinations of those symbols. Language is arbitrary, creative and learned. Languages evolve. Primary vehicle for communication Can be spoken or manual (American Sign Language)

Answer 5

Language is a generative system-it is a creative/productive tool. -Finite set of rules and symbols allow us to produce and infinite number of novel utterances. -Words can refer to more than one thing -Things can be called more than one name -Words can be combined in a variety of ways

Answer 6

form: syntax, morphology and phonology content : semantics use: pragmatics

Answer 7

Phonology -Distributional Rules -Sequencing Rules Morphology -Free Morphemes -Bound Morphemes -Inflectional Morphemes -Derivational Morphemes Syntax Semantics Pragmatics

Answer 8

Elements that connect sounds and symbols with meaning. Rules that govern phonology, morphology and syntax

Answer 9

PHONEME-smallest linguistic unit of sound that signals a difference in meaning (ie /m/at, /p/at, /b/at)

Answer 10

ALLOPHONE-a specific production of a phoneme belongs to the same sound family , and does not change the meaning of a word. Phonemes are classified: -Acoustic Properties, Articulatory Properties and Manner of Articulation

Answer 11

SYLLABLE STRUCTURE PROCESS ASSIMILATION BACKING

Answer 12

SYLLABLE STRUCTURE PROCESS: delete one or more phonemes in a consonant cluster-Cluster Reduction (ie top it for stop it) or Final Consonant Deletion (ie. “ba” for bat)

Answer 13

ASSIMILATION-one sound has influenced the other (ie. “goggy” for doggy)

Answer 14

BACKING-make a sound in the back of the mouth when it is suppose to be make in the front of the mouth. (ie. TOP –child will say COP) or FRONTING- where child will make a sound in the front of the mouth when it is suppose to be made in the back (ie COP-child will say TOP)

Answer 15

Morphology is a set of rules that govern words

Answer 16

MORPHEME-the smallest linguistic unit with meaning that can’t be broken down and still have meaning.

Answer 17

FREE MORPHEMES-when a morpheme stands by itself (ie. Car, boy).

Answer 18

BOUND MORPHEMES-cannot stand alone and is always attached to a free morpheme BOUND MORPHEMES can be attached by prefixes and suffixes ie. Biggest (2 morphemes)-superlative morpheme means most ie. Cooked (2 morphemes)- ed means past tense Morphemes deal with numbers (ie. Cat/s) ie. Joan’s (2 morphemes) –possessive morpheme

Answer 19

Includes both suffixes and prefixes changes whole classes of words creates a new meaning of the word

Answer 20

morpheme that serves a purely grammatical function never creating a new word. only a different form of the same word (past tense, plural).

Answer 21

MLU-measure of language development based on average number of morphemes per utterance 4. Why the man sitting 5 morphemes ADD NUMBER OF MORPHEMES AND DIVIDE BY THE NUMBER OF UTTERANCES

Answer 22

Rules which govern the organization of sentences, word order and different types of sentences Sentence Organization, which combinations are acceptable and which ones are not (ie. “The boy hit the ball” vs. “Ball the hit boy the”) Each sentence contains Noun Phrase and Verb Phrase.

Answer 23

Transformational Rules: allows us to change basic sentences into a variety of sentence types

Answer 24

Declarative Sentence: THE GIRL HIT THE BOY. Negative Sentence: THE GIRL DID NOT HIT THE BOY. Passive Sentence: THE BOY WAS HIT BY THE GIRL. Interrogative Sentence: DID THE GIRL HIT THE BOY Compound Sentence: THE BOY CRIED AND THE GIRL WAS HAPPY

Answer 25

A set of rules how a language should be spoken. It refers to the notion that there is one way of speaking a language. Dictates a particular standard of grammar.

Answer 26

Description of actual patterns (syntactic system rules) used in speaking. does not judge the appropriateness of grammar, but simply states the rules used to produce language.

Answer 27

Refers to an individual’s auto biographical and experiential understanding and memory of particular events reflecting cultural and personal interpretations

Answer 28

Verbal word and symbol definitions Usually based on world knowledge

Answer 29

VALIDITY STATUS ACCESSIBILITY

Answer 30

Knowledge of the rules for generating and understanding conventional linguistic forms- morphology, phonology etc.

Answer 31

Degree of success when communicating, measured by appropriateness of the message

Answer 32

Social Rules of Language Knowledge of Social Appropriateness *EYE CONTACT *TURN TAKING *TOPIC MAINTENANCE *TOPIC INITIATION *CONVERSATIONAL TURN-TAKING

Answer 33

It’s not only the words you say, but how they are said that can convey a message. It can change the form and meaning of the message. Without paralinguistic information added to a message, we would sound robotic when we speak.

Answer 34

We utilize nonlinguistic cues, such as body language and facial expressions, which add to the “affect” that a person demonstrates

Answer 35

ability to think about language, talk about it, and analyze it- use this in humor, sarcasm

Answer 36

Intonation- When we make a statement our intonation drops at the end of the sentence. When we ask a question, it rises. You can take the same exact words, and by changing the intonation at the end of the sentence, the meaning changes. Say

Answer 37

Eye Contact *Facial Expressions *Gestures *Hearing Acuity *Kinesics *Proxemics *Chronemics *Tactile *Artifacts

Answer 38

We are all members of a larger community that make up our cultural identity *Speakers and Listeners who share a common language and culture have the capacity for “optimum” communication. *Speakers and listeners must share competence in a common language if they are to communicate fully.

Answer 39

Focus of language is on language function: serves pragmatic purpose. *First words occur at approximately 12- months of age *Early language development is characterized by single word utterances and by early multiword combinations *Primarily nouns *Multiword utterances are rule based *First words fill the intentions previously served by gestures and or vocalizations

Answer 40

By kindergarten has learned 90 percent of the syntax, morphology, and phonology that she will use as an adult *New words are added to lexicon at the rate of two or three per day

Answer 41

Developmental focus on language form *Language form follows function *Paralinguistic information incorporated into utterances. *Syntactic complexity increasing.

Answer 42

Growth in all aspects of language *Changes slower *Emphasis on language shifts to written language *Acquire derivational morphology *Figurate language develops *Increase in syntactic complexity *Pragmatically-turn-taking for longer periods of time, topic changes less abrupt.

Answer 43

Most is reflexive *Most common sounds are cries and partial vowel sounds *Cries become differentiated by the end of the first month

Answer 44

Cooing *Produces back consonants and middle and back vowel sounds

Answer 45

Babbling- prolongedc periods of vocalization and strings of sounds *Lip sounds p,b,w,m

Answer 46

Reduplicated babbling – repetitive syllable production *More closely approximates mature speech *Baba mama wawa

Answer 47

Phonetically consistent forms *Variegated babbling *Jargon speech *First words

Answer 48

ASHA: Disorders of speech (articulation, voice, fluency, resonance), orofacial, myofunctional patterns, language, swallowing, cognitive communication, hearing and balance. *Reading, writing, and manual communication systems are included. *Variations in communication are not impairments. *Dialects: Differences that reflect regional, social, cultural, or ethnic identity.

Answer 49

Means of classifying communication disorders. *Etiology: Cause/Origin *Time at which disorder occurs

Answer 50

Congenital: Present at birth

Answer 51

Acquired: Result of illness, accident, or environmental circumstances later in life.

Answer 52

Severity: Range from mild to profound

Answer 53

Disorders of Form (examples): *-Phonology-not producing word endings *-Morphology-incorrect use of past tense *-Syntax-incorrect word order *Disorders of Content (Semantics): (examples): *-Limited vocabulary, difficulty understanding abstract language. *Disorders of Use (Pragmatics): (examples): *-Difficulty staying on topic, inappropriate responses, interrupting conversational partners

Answer 54

Dysarthria-cause by paralysis, weakness, poor coordination

Answer 55

*-Apraxia-Neuromotor programming difficulties.

Answer 56

Disorders of Fluency *-Developmental disfluency: Young children *Speech behaviors: hesitations, repetitions, prolongations, fillers *Stuttering: when speech behaviors exceed or are different from the norm, accompanied by struggle or tension. *Noticed around 6 years old. *Causes are generally unknown.

Answer 57

Disorders of Voice *Vocal abuse can result in hoarsness *Disease, trauma, allergies, neuromuscular or endocrine disorders

Answer 58

Deafness *-Primary sensory input for communication is not auditory *-Interventions: Total communication (sign, speech, speechreading) Assistive listening devices, cochlear implants, auditory training.

Answer 59

*Hard of Hearing *-Depend primarily on audition for communication. *-Temporary or Permanent *-Categorized by severity, laterality, and type *-Mild to severe *-Bilateral or unilateral *-Conductive, Sensorineural, or Mixed *Auditory Processing Disorders (APD) *-Normal hearing but difficulty understanding speech

Answer 60

Most communication disorder are secondary to Other disabilities. *Prevalence *Number/percentage of people within a population who have a particular disorder at a given time. Examples *-17% of Americans have a communication disorder. *-11% have a hearing loss *-6% have a speech, voice, or language disorder.

Answer 61

In the Middle and outer ear

Answer 62

In the inner ear

Answer 63

A mix of outer, middle and inner ear

Answer 64

Anatomy: Study of structures of the body and relationship of the structures

Answer 65

Study of the functions of organisms and bodily structures

Answer 66

Respiratory: Driving force for speech via positive air pressure beneath vocal folds Laryngeal: Vocal fold vibrate at high speeds Articulatory/resonatory: An acoustic filter that allows certain frequencies to pass while blocking others

Answer 67

Primary biological functions Supply oxygen to the blood Remove excess carbon dioxide Also the generating source for speech production

Answer 68

Pair of air-filled elastic sacs that change in size and shape and allow us to breathe

Answer 69

Air moves into the lungs via the trachea and branches into bronchi

Answer 70

Pulmonary apparatus Lungs: Pair of air-filled elastic sacs that change in size and shape and allow us to breathe Trachea: Air moves into the lungs via the trachea and branches into bronchi Pulmonary airways Chest wall (thorax) Rib cage Abdominal wall Abdominal content Diaphragm

Answer 71

Inspiratory muscles – generally above the diaphragm Expiratory muscles – generally below the diaphragm Muscles of Inspiration

Answer 72

Principle muscle of inspiration Dome-shaped structure composed of a thin, flat, nonelastic central tendon and broad rim of muscle fibers that radiate to the edges of the central tendon Contracts during inspiration, pulling down and forward, increasing lung volume Numerous thoracic and neck muscles also contribute

Answer 73

Most important muscles of expiration are located in the front and sides of the abdomen Assist the diaphragm’s movement back to its relaxed, dome-shape Other muscles may be used depending on body position, pathological state, and environmental conditions

Answer 74

Breathing to sustain life Duration of inspiration and expiration is relatively equal

Answer 75

Diaphragm contracts, rib cage and lungs expand, lung volume increases and alveolar pressure drops Causes air to rush in and equalize with atmospheric pressure

Answer 76

Decrease in the size of the rib cage wall, compression of the lungs, increase in pressure in the lungs, air rushes out to achieve equilibrium with atmospheric pressure Does not require active muscle contraction A respiratory cycle is one inhalation and one exhalation

Answer 77

Contraction of diaphragm leads to rapid, forceful inspirations Inspirations are much shorter than expirations The amount of air inspired is greater than during resting tidal breathing Inspiratory and expiratory muscles are both activated during speech

Answer 78

Resting tidal breathing rate decreases from birth to adulthood More alveoli Maximum lung capacity is reached in early adulthood Constant until middle age Respiratory function is affected by exercise, health, and smoking

Answer 79

Air valve composed of cartilages, muscles, and other tissue Main sound generator for speech Sits on top of the trachea and opens into the pharynx Appears to be suspended from the hyoid bone, the point of attachment for laryngeal and tongue muscles

Answer 80

Primary biological function of the larynx Prevent foreign objects from entering the trachea and lungs Larynx can impound air for forceful expulsion of foreign objects threatening lower airways Structures of the Laryngeal System

Answer 81

Largest laryngeal cartilage Forms the front and sides of the laryngeal skeleton and protects the inner components of the larynx

Answer 82

“Adam’s apple”; just below the thyroid notch

Answer 83

Attached at the front near the midline of the thyroid cartilage and at the back to the arytenoid cartilages via the vocal ligament Abduct during respiration and adduct during phonation

Answer 84

The space between the vocal folds

Answer 85

Bulk of each vocal fold Contraction shortens and thickens the vocal folds

Answer 86

Stiffens and lengthens the vocal folds, increases pitch

Answer 87

Contraction results in vocal fold adduction

Answer 88

Primary muscle of vocal fold abduction

Answer 89

Larynx is small and high in the neck in newborns Reaches final position between 10 and 20 years of age Laryngeal cartilages increase in size and become less pliable Vocal folds increase in length differentially for males and females 29 mm for males; 21 mm for females Female laryngeal cartilage never completely ossifies Vocal folds atrophy and lose elasticity with age Men notice increase in pitch with advancing age Women experience decreased pitch with the contribution of hormone-related changes

Answer 90

Composed of Oral cavity Nasal cavity Pharyngeal cavity Vocal tract is a resonant acoustic tube Shapes sound energy produced by respiratory and laryngeal systems into speech sounds

Answer 91

Mandible articulates with the temporal bone by the temporomandibular joint

Answer 92

22 bones in the facial skeleton and cranium Mandible articulates with the temporal bone by the temporomandibular joint Teeth Tongue

Answer 93

Adults have 32 teeth within alveolar processes of the mandible and maxilla Hard palate is composed of the horizontal bones of the maxilla

Answer 94

Muscular hydrostat Structural support through contraction of muscles and has a soft skeleton of connective tissue

Answer 95

Also called the soft palate Located in the pharynx Uvula: Termination of the velum Velopharyngeal closure Contact of the velum with the lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls

Answer 96

Necessary to prevent air or food escaping through the nose Necessary to build up air pressure for production of pressure sounds Air that escapes through the nose during speech results in a nasal quality

Answer 97

Bones of the skull reach adult size by about age 8 Newborns have 45 separate skull bones that fuse into 22 at adulthood Lower facial bones reach adult size at about 18 years Dentition emerges at about 6 months and is complete around 3 years Secondary dentition is complete around 18 years A newborn’s tongue occupies most of the oral cavity Tongue reaches adult size by about 16 years of age By 2 months of age, infants can inconsistently close the velopharynx for syllable productions Consistent between 6 mos and 3 yrs Aging has minimal impact on velopharyngeal function for speech Length and volume of oral cavity increases Influences the overall resonant characteristics Lowers the frequencies at which the vocal tract naturally resonates

Answer 98

Fundamental frequency: Number of cycles of vocal fold vibration per second

Answer 99

Harmonics: Whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency

Answer 100

Begins with phonation Air pressure builds up beneath adducted vocal folds (alveolar pressure) Air pressure from below displaces the lower edges of each vocal fold laterally Followed by lateral displacement of the upper edges Elastic properties results in vocal folds colliding Fundamental frequency: Number of cycles of vocal fold vibration per second Harmonics: Whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency Movement of the tongue, lips, and larynx change the shape of the vocal tract and modify sound

Answer 101

Anterior view of the vocal folds during one cycle of vibration. Air from the lungs creates pressure beneath the vocal folds (1, 2, and 3). This pressure causes the vocal folds to separate (4). The natural elastic restoring forces of the vocal folds and the time delay with respect to the upper and lower portions of the vocal folds causes the vocal folds to begin to close (5 and 6). The vocal folds close the glottis to end the cycle, and the next cycle begins (7).

Answer 102

0-3 years old CPSE 3-5 years old