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Ecology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Ecology

A

Study of the natural environment and relations of organisms to each other and their surroundings

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2
Q

5 propositions of Evolution

A

Variation: physiological or morphological

Heritable: some variations genetically based

Species have potential for unlimited population growth

Different individuals leave different numbers of
descendants

Number of descendants influenced by interaction of
offspring and environment

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3
Q

Adaptation

A

Phenotypic changes enhancing fitness

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4
Q

Phenotypic plasticity

A

organisms change the expression of traits in response to environment

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5
Q

Exaptation

A

change in the function of a trait during evolution for a purpose other than what the trait was evolved for

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6
Q

Non-Adaptation

A

physiology differences occurs later in development

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7
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Favors average phenotype

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8
Q

Directional selection

A

Favors extreme phenotype shifting average in one direction

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9
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Favors two or more extreme phenotypes over the average

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10
Q

Group selection

A

when natural selection occurs on whole group of organisms not related to them

self sacrifice for those not related to them

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11
Q

Kin selection

A

animals engage in self-sacrificial behavior benefiting genetic fitness and increasing reproduction survival of relatives that share the same genes

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12
Q

Kin selection examples

A

Social insects, deer, lions

Lions form coalitions to secure pride even if they are not able to reproduce

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13
Q

Sexual selection

A

female chooses male based on physical features such as behavior, coloration, song

it results in differences in reproductive rates among individuals as a result of differences in their mating success

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14
Q

Eusociality

A

complex level of social behavior consisting of multiple generations living together, cooperative care of young, and the separation of sterile (nonreproductive) and reproductive castes

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15
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

An individual’s overall fitness is determined by its own survival and reproduction plus the survival and reproduction of individuals with who they share genes

favored by kin selection

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16
Q

Eusociality example

A

Naked mole rats live in a colony with one queen keeping all other females sterile

They’re all related and have distinct roles

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17
Q

Haplodiploidy in eusociality

A

All males are haploid and all females are diploid making colony very similar genetically

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18
Q

Clines

A

change in phenotype or genotype across geographical gradient

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19
Q

Cline population of animals and plants

A

animals: races
plants: ecotypes

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20
Q

2 ecogeographical patterns among clines

A

Bergmann’s rule: geographic races of animals have increased body size towards the poles

Allen’s rule: extremities of birds and mammals decrease in length towards poles

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21
Q

Morphological species concept

A

Based on difference in color, structure, proportions

Linnaeus

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22
Q

problems with morphological species concept

A

polymorphic species (change color)
sexual dimorphism
sibling species (2 species looking identical but cant reproduce)

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23
Q

Biological species concept

A

group of actually or potentially interbreeding population that produce fertile offspring

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24
Q

problem with biological species concept

A

asexual species

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25
Phylogenetic species
evolutionary relatedness based on morphology and genetics (species that share a pattern of ancestry
26
allopatric speciation
when populations are geographically isolated, species can arise - rivers, mountains, movement of species
27
founder effect
subset of a population founds a new colony and original diversity of genotypes can be lost
28
bottleneck effect
random event kills disproportionate number of genotypes and they can be lost
29
Sympatric speciation
production of a new species within the population within the dispersal range of the population Exploiting underused or novel resource
30
introgression of allopatric speciation
If geographic barrier is gone after it has been up long enough, the species won't be able to reproduce when mixed again
31
Polyploidy
abrupt or instantaneous speciation Doubling of chromosomes prevents offspring from being able to reproduce with parent population (diploid organism)
32
Adaptive radiation (divergence)
evolutionary diversification of species derived from a common ancestor Occurs after organisms colonize island group or a new environment enough genetic variation to establish itself under selective pressures of climate in new environment
33
parallel evolution
adaptive changes in organisms with common evolutionary heritage in response to similar environmental conditions but different locations
34
convergent evolution
unreleated species develop similar haracteristics from living in similar environmental conditions
35
How Hawthorn and apple flies demonstrate sympatric speciation
Apple flies prefer apple scents while hawthorn flies prefer hawthorn fruit smells 2 species evolved in the same geographic region from common acnestor species.
36
Pre mating reproductive isolating mechanisms
Temporal: mate at different times Ecological isolation: live in different habitats Behavioral isolation: different courting behaviors Mechanical isolation: can't mate due to incompatible reproductive structures
37
Pre zygotic reproductive isolation
barriers to fertilization where it can't occur
38
post zygotic reproductive isolation
fertilization can occur but no viable or fertile offspring
39
How does glyphosate work
Glyphosate binds to epsps gene preventing shikimic acid from binding and no amino acids are made Build up on shikimic acid prevents photosynthesis from occurring
40
2 mechanisms plants can evolve resistance
translocate modification in gene
41
population
group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time
42
abundance v density
abundance: number of organisms in a given area density: number of organisms per unit area
43
Desert shrubs spatial distribution
Shrubs spread out with minimal overlap to compete for water and nutrients belowground
44
Stingless bees spatial distribution
Aggressive bee nests evenly spaced due to competition nonaggressive bee nests randomly spaced
45
Random distribution
individuals have equal chance of living anywhere within an area Individuals ignore each other
46
Regular/uniform distribution
individuals are uniformly spaced individuals repel each other competition
47
Clumped/contagious distribution
individuals have a much higher probability of being found in some areas than others individuals attract each other
48
Coefficient of dispersion
Variance/Mean S^2/x̄
49
Coefficient of dispersion in distributional patterns
random =1 regular < 1 Clumped >1
50
Calculating population size
Nt+1= Nt + B - D + I - E Number at some time in the future= Number currently + births- deaths + immigration- emigration
51
Cohort life table
identify large number of individuals born at about the same time an keep records on them from birth to death
52
Age structure diagram
population pyramid showing distribution of age and sex in population Rapid growth: many young people, little older people; inward curve pyramid slow growth: more even old and young people stable growth: dome shaped negative growth: more middle age less young people
53
Diagram life table
Transitions in lif cycle Iteroparous organisms reproduce many times semelparous reproduce once in life
54
Tabular life table
Net basic reproductive rate R0: average number of offspring per individual female per lifetime >1 pop increase =1 female replaces self < 1 pop decline Generation time: average length between birth of individual and birth of its offspring Intrinsic rate of pop growth r: per capita rate of increase close to 0= stable pop
55
Survivorship curves
Type I: little mortality early in life Type II : Linear decline in survivors, constant rate regardless of age Type III: high mortality early on in life followed by high rate of survival
56
Static Life table
record age at death of large number of individuals born at different times snapshot of survival within population during short time interval
57
Geometric/discrete growth
Nt= N0 (R0)^t Number at time t= number at initial time X avg offspring left by individual raised to t
58
Continous growth/exponential
dN/dt= rN rate of pop growth= per capita rate of increase X pop size r=ln(R0)/ Tc
59
Logistics growth curve
growth model incorporating environmental limitation carrying capacity: max population that environment can support
60
Problems with logistic growth curve
Assume effect of density of rate of increase is instantaneous Deterministic carrying capacity constant
61
Logistic equation
dN/dt= rN (K-N/K) = per capita growth rate X pop size X carrying capacity-pop size/ carrying capacity
62
Intraspecific competition
within species effect decreases contribution of individuals to next generation resource competed for must be in limited supply density dependent competitoin- larger effect with more competitors
63
Density dependent v density independent competition
density independent: resources do not regulate population size Density dependent: resources available affect pop size
64
Types of Intraspecific Competition
Resource competition (scramble, exploitative): organisms compete for resource without directly interacting with each other - resource must be limited interference competition (contest): Organisms compete for resources while directly interacting
65
Life history
pattern of survival and reproduction of organisms and traits influencing this pattern
66
Life history patterns and principle of allocation
C= (R+A) + (F+U) + (B+G) Consumption= metabolic needs + waste + gain Principle of Allocation: if an organism uses energy for one function, it reduces the amount of energy available for other functions
67
Cost of reproduction
Reproduction decreases chance of future reproduction and decreases growth decreased growth decreases survival
68
Life history trends- body size
Within a species, larger organisms produce more young organisms producing larger offspring produce fewer
69
R selected species
unpredictable ephemeral environment 1. Early maturity 2. Small size at maturity 3. Many small young 4. Large reproductive effort 5. Shorter life span 6. Semelparous 7. Minimal parental care
70
K selected species
stable, predictable environment 1. Delayed maturity 2. Larger size at maturity 3. Fewer but larger young 4. Smaller reproductive effort 5. Longer life span 6. Iteroparous 7. Substantial parental care
71
r v K selection trends Body size v gen time Instanteous rate of increase v weigh Metabolism v weight
Body size v gen time : positive correlation Instanteous rate of increase v weight: negative correlation Metabolism v weight: negative correlation
72
Selective pressures on plants
Intensity of disturbance (physical environment) intensity of stress (abiotic factors) Plants' strategies must match requirements of their environment
73
Interspecific competition
-/- interaction can be between closely or not related species Doesn't always lead to exclusion Characteristics can change in competitive environment over generations
74
competitive exclusion principle
complete competitors (using same limited resource in same way) cannot coexist
75
competitve release
removal of organism releases another from competition
76
character displacement
change in morphology in response to competitors
77
DeWit replacement series
Compare inter and intraspecific competition Increase density increased effect intraspecifically and interspecifically between 2 species
78
fundamental niche
largest ecological niche an organism or species can occupy in absence of interspecific competition and predation
79
Lotka- Volterra model for interspecific competition
Logistic growth competition coefficient a >1 affected more by interspecific a< 1 affected more by intraspecific
80
2 ways to tell if there is competition
add superabundance of resources remove one competitor
81
How 2 closely related species coexist at different location of same environment
Competition, competitve exclusion, resource partitioning each species adapted to different locations because of competition in past 2 different species with no competition past or present
82
Isocline
line linking points each giving rise to the same rate of population increase dn/dt=0 cap to what pop can grow to
83
zero isocline
line where there is neither increase or decrease in rate of population growth rate=0
84
Drawing and reading zero isoclines
assuming 0 pop growth look at when N1=0 and N2=0 If Lines do not cross, line on top is winner
85
Unstable v stable equilibrium on zero isocline
Unstable equilibrium: if lines cross and arrows point away from intersection stable equilibrium: if lines cross and arrows point towards intersection
86
Type of animals looked at in static life table
long lived
87
Barnacles competition
interspecific
88
Theoretical logistic model when r>0
N
89
Flour beetles niche
identical fundamental niche

Ecology (3 decks)

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