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Ecology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Predation

A

one organism kills and more or less consumes another organism

oscillating pattern between predator and prey

+ and - interaction

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2
Q

Parasitoidism

A

predator lays egg in another organism killing the host
+/-

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3
Q

Herbivory

A

organisms consume autotrophs such as plants, algae, bacteria

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4
Q

Parasitism

A

living as parasite on or in another organism not killing host
+/-

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5
Q

Numerical response of predation

A

Increase in prey causes increase in predators through increased reproduction

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6
Q

aggregative response of predation

A

predator attracted to areas of high prey density

leads to negative effect on predator

Also leads to areas of low prey density not being preyed on and prey densities increasing

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7
Q

What do the lynx and hare predation graphs show

A

Long term cycles in population density

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8
Q

functional response

A

relationship between predator’s feeding rate and prey density

predator will take more prey as prey density increases

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9
Q

Type 1 functional response

A

Number of prey taken/ predator increases linearly to maximum as prey density increases

less common

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10
Q

Type 2 functional response

A

number of prey taken/predator rises at decreasing rate toward maximum value

most typical

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11
Q

Type 3 functional response

A

number of prey taken/predator is low at first, then increases in sigmoidal fashion (S curve) and pleateaus where attack rate remains constant

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12
Q

Optimal foraging theory

A

animal minimizes cost/benefit=energy expended/energy consumed

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13
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

A harmless prey mimicks a dangerous prey

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14
Q

What must occur for Batesian mimicry to work

A

Needs to be more of the harmful species

There has to be a learned response between harmful prey and predator first

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15
Q

Mulerian mimicry

A

Both species that look alike are harmful

Often closely related

Doesn’t matter which is more abundant

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16
Q

Defense mechanisms in plants

A

Milkweek, cellulose, tannins, tobacco

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17
Q

Parasite

A

organism that obtains nutrients from one or more hosts usually not causing death directly

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18
Q

Ectoparasite

A

External to host

Sealambre, vampire bats, ticks, lice

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19
Q

Ectoparasite effects

A

Hosts that are closely related share closely related ectoparasites

More parasite= lower life expectancy of host, longer time to lay eggs, lower reproduction potential

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20
Q

Endoparasitism

A

Internal to host

tapeworm, flukes, protozoans

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21
Q

vector

A

organism that transmits the disease-causing agent

transfers parasite to host

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22
Q

Host

A

Organism that is affected by disease causing agent

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23
Q

Intermediate host

A

Organism that is required in life cycle of parasite but not affected

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24
Q

Reservoir

A

Organism with the parasite is not affected and not required for life cycle of parasite

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25
Schistosomiasis
Snails carry the parasitic worm where it develops parasite released into water parasite penetrates human skin
26
Bancroftian filariasis
Roundworm plugs lymphatic system vector- mosquito ivermectin effective preventative
27
Onchocerciasis - river blindness
vector: black fly that must breed in streams
28
Sleeping sickness
African Trypanosomiasis- parasite Vector: Tse-tse fly Injects saliva in human preventing clotting and introducing pathogen
29
Chagas disease
American Trypanosomiasis vector: kissing bug Transmits through feces
30
Leishmaniasis
Vector: sand fly
31
Malaria
Trypanosoma vector: Mosquito females inject saliva Mosquito is intermediate host
32
Bot fly
Endoparasite lay eggs on mosquitos and when attach to humans, heat allows eggs to lay and hatch inside human
33
Mutualism effect
+ / + both benefit
34
Commensalism effect
+ / 0 one benefits the other not affected
35
parasitism and parasitoidism effect
+ / - one benefits one is harmed
36
amensalism effect
0 / - one harmed one not affected
37
examples of how parasites change host behavior
malaria infection creates scent more attractive to mosquitos taxoplasmosis infected mouse makes it lose fear of cats flukes in fish make them more visible to birds gordian worm makes cricket drown itself
38
how ants and bullhorn plant show mutualism
bullhorn tree gives habitat and nutrients Ants give protection to plant from other insects and plants
39
rhizobium and legume mutualism
plant given nitrogen for growth
40
mycorrhizae and plant root mutualism
mycorrhizae give plant nutrients plant gives sugars and products of photosynthesis to fungi in unfertilized soil with mycorrhizae, there is less above ground plant growth
41
lichen mutualism
fungus provides nutrients to algae and algae provides energy to fungus
42
ruminants in cows
cows regurgitate and chew food repeatedly to increase surface area of bacteria in stomach to allow it to digest cellulose
43
condition
abiotic environmental factor varying in space and time and to which organisms respond differentially Temp, humidity, pH, water flow rate
44
resource
factors that organisms may use up and make less available to others Nitrogen, light, space
45
Homeotherms
constant body temperature
46
Poikilotherms
variable body temperature
47
Endotherms
generate heat internally
48
ectotherms
heat comes from the environment
49
Hibernation v estivation
Hibernation: response to cold estivation: response to heat and drought
50
Diapause
response to combined effects of temperature and photoperiod (day light cycle) Form of hibernation for insects where they delay development with unfavorable conditions
51
Behavioral thermoregulation
move to different areas to keep body temp constant
52
adaptations in ectotherms that allow them to survive
desert plant: reflective leaves, orient leaves parallel to be away from the sun Arctic plant: parabolic shape directs heat to the center of flower, move flower towards sun, dark leaves , perpendicular leaves
53
low temperatures in ectotherms
low activity, feeding, slower escape from predation belowe freezing they produce antifreeze
54
high temps in ectotherms
enzyme denaturing, dehydration, plant starvation
55
physiological time degree day
Insect and some reptile growth can stop until it gets warm enough
56
degree day calculation
Multiply temp by however many days it is held constant
57
How plants can be endotherms
Skunk cabbage raise temp by translocating starch to metabolize it to generate heat
58
Ectotherm advantage
Low cost- not energentically expensive More of what it ingests can be used for growth because the energy isn't directed to heat
59
Endotherm advantage
Exploit wider variety of habitats
60
El Nino
Winds blow from east to west moving surface water west meaning warm water piles up on western side of ocean cooler water on eastern side of ocean near south america
61
How el nino is measured
SOI measured barometric pressure in Tahiti - Darwin Strong negative values - el nino Strong positive values- La nina
62
Thermocline
Separates warm (above) and cold water (below)
63
El Nino Effects
Ecosystem collapse Economic collapse Droughts in Australia, Africa, South America Wet in America, northern Europe Warmer weather, less ice cover on lakes
64
El Nino Great Salt Lake effects
Less salinity, more phytoplankton and chlorophyll grazers cause competitive release
65
Soil
Mixture of inorganic materials (clay, silt, pebbles, sand), decaying organic materials and living organisms
66
Roles of soil - ecosystem -plants -animals -decomposers
Ecosystem- nutrient delivery system, recycling system, waste disposal system plants- site of germination, support, nutrients, decay animals- refuge, sewer, complete habitat decomposers- resource to break down waste
67
Soil layers
O Horizon A horizon E horizon B Horizon C Horizon R- bedrock
68
O horizon
surface litter with freshly fallen leaves, organic debris, easily fragmented
69
A horizon
Topsoil; living organisms, inorganic materials, humus: partially decomposed organic matter ceated by humification holding on to cations and retains nutrients for plants
70
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
Total negative charges within humus that retain plant nutrient cations and lower valence ions
71
E Horizon
Leaching zone where suspended materials move downward
72
B horizon
Subsoil where there is an accumulation of iron, aluminum, humic compounds, and clay that has been leached down
73
C horizon
Parent material : partially broken down inorganic materials
74
Porosity
Number of pores per unit of soil, percentage of empty space high porosity= low holding capacity for water
75
Permeability
Determined by size of pore How well water passes through high permeability= larger pores, water moves through easily
76
What do porosity and permeability determine
water holding capacity aeration susceptibility to erosion CEC workability
77
Formation of soil
Weathering - hot, cold weather - rain, wind breaking up parental material
78
Tundra
Gleization O horizon main layer
79
Coniferous
Podzolization Acid litter- mor humus fungi decomposers
80
Deciduous
Podzolization Less acid litter- mull humus bacteria decomposers
81
Grassland
Calcification less leaching
82
Tropical rain forest
Laterization Barely present O horizon - high decomposition, weathering

Ecology (3 decks)

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