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Histology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 anatomical sciences?

A

gross anatomy
histology
embryology
neuroanatomy

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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3
Q

Approximately how many different cell types are there?

A

210

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4
Q

What are the main organelles that we can see through a microscope?

A

nucleus (largest)
mitochondria
golgi apparatus
ER

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5
Q

What are the supramolecular assemblies?

A

membrane
ribosomes
chromatin
microtubules

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6
Q

What are the macromolecules?

A

proteins
polysaccharides (ex glycogen)
lipids (ex cholesterol)
nucleic acids

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7
Q

What is the definition of a gene?

A

segment of genetic material that codes for production of a particular protein

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8
Q

What are the building block molecules?

A

amino acids
glucose
nitrogenous bases
palmitic acid, linoleic acid (fat metabolism)

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9
Q

What is included in the atomic/ionic level?

A

Na+
K+
Ca2+

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10
Q

major extracellular cation

A

Na+

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11
Q

major intracellular cation

A

K+

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12
Q

organ systems-organs-tissues-cells-organelles-?

A

supramolecular assemblies–macromolecules–building block molecules–atomic/ionic level

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13
Q

describe the integrative approach?

A

put the parts back together to understand how they work together

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14
Q

describe the reductionism approach?

A

break things down to understand how each one works

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15
Q

What can be seen with the naked eye with right background?

A

mammalian ovum (120-140 ovums)

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16
Q

What is the average size of a cell?

A

8-10 microns (micrometer)

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17
Q

Why are cells so small?

A

-surface area/ volume for exchange
-ionic flux and water flux across cell membrane

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18
Q

What is the formula for surface area of a sphere?

A

4Ο€r^2

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19
Q

What is the formula for volume of a sphere?

A

4/3Ο€r^3

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20
Q

What is the term for the internal environment where cells are found?

A

interstitial fluid

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21
Q

What is the water content of a cell?

A

70%-85%

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22
Q

How much water is in the interstitial fluid?

A

90%

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23
Q

How much water is in blood plasma?

A

92%

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24
Q

-the distance by which two objects must be separated to be seen as two objects
-determined by the spacing of the photoreceptor cells in the retina

A

resolving power

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25
Q

What does resolution depend on?

A

wavelength of the light source, specimen thickness, quality of fixation, and staining intensity

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26
Q

function of the light source?

A

illumination of the specimen

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27
Q

function of the condenser lens?

A

to focus the beam of light at the level of the specimen

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28
Q

function of the stage?

A

where the slide or specimen is placed

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29
Q

function of the objective lens?

A

to gather the light that has passed through the specimen

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30
Q

What must be done to a specimen for it to be viewed under a microscope?

A

it must be sliced into a 2-dimensional structure

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31
Q

a defect caused by an error in the preparation process

A

artifact

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32
Q

enables examination of unstained cells and tissues and is especially useful for living cells

A

phase contrast microscope

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33
Q

in phase contrast microscopy, dark portions correspond to _________

A

dense portions

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34
Q

what does the interference microscope allow for?

A

quantification of tissue mass

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35
Q

what is the differential interference microscope useful for?

A

assessing surface properties of cells and other biologic objects

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36
Q

In _______________only light that has been scattered or diffracted by structures in the specimen reaches the object

A

dark-field microscopy

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37
Q

a pink acidic dye that carries a net negative charge; reacts with cationic groups

A

eosin

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38
Q

acts as a basic dye (blue) and carries a net positive charge; reacts with negatively charged ionized phosphate groups in nucleic acids

A

hematoxylin

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39
Q

uses the interaction of a beam of electrons with a specimen to produce an image

A

Transmission electron microscopes (TEM)

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40
Q

use electrons reflected or forced out of the specimen surface that are collected by detectors and reprocessed to form an image of a sample surface

A

scanning electron microscopes (SEM)

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41
Q

made of polymerized proteins that form microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments

A

cytoskeleton

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42
Q

What is the largest organelle within a cell?

A

the nucleus

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43
Q

structures that are not usually surrounded by a plasma membrane; include crystals, glycogen, stored waste products

A

inclusions

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44
Q

a lipid bilayer that forms the cell boundary as well as the boundaries of many organelles within the cell

A

plasma membrane

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45
Q

a region of the ER associated with ribosomes and the site of protein synthesis and modification of newly synthesized proteins

A

rER

46
Q

a region of ER involved in lipid and steroid synthesis but not associated with ribsomes

A

sER

47
Q

a membranous organelle composed of multiple flattened cristernae responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for intracellular or extracellular transport

A

golgi apparatus

48
Q

membrane-bounded compartments interposed within endocytotic pathways that have the major function of sorting proteins delivered to them via endocytotic vesicles and redirecting them to different cellular compartments for their final destination

A

Endosome

49
Q

small organelles containing digestive enzymes that are formed from endosomes by targeted delivery of unique membrane proteins and enzymes

A

lysosomes

50
Q

organelles that provide most of the energy to the cell by producing ATP in the process of oxidative phosphorylation

A

mitochondria

51
Q

small organelles involved in the production and degradation of H2O2 and degradation of fatty acids

A

peroxisomes

52
Q

element of the cytoskeleton that continuously elongate and shorten (dynamic instability)

A

microtubules

53
Q

provide tensile strength to withstand tension and confer resistance to shearing forces

A

actin and intermediate filaments

54
Q

protein complexes that enzymatically degrade damaged and unnecessary proteins into small polypeptides and amino acids

A

proteasomes

55
Q

How does the cell membrane appear through TEM?

A

as two electron-dense layers separated by an intermediate nonstaining layer

56
Q

What does the cell membrane primarily consist of?

A

phospholipid, cholesterol and protein molecules

57
Q

proteins embedded within the lipid bilayer or pass through the bilayer completely

A

integral membrane proteins

58
Q

proteins not embedded within the lipid bilayer

A

peripheral membrane proteins

59
Q

surface molecules constitute a layer at the surface of the cell referred to as the ________

A

cell coat or glycocalyx

60
Q

localized regions that contain high concentrations of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids

A

lipid rafts

61
Q

regarded as the molecular markers of lipid rafts and are considered to be scaffolding proteins

A

flotillins

62
Q

proteins that have the capacity to bind cholesterol and a variety of proteins that are involved in signal transduction

A

caveolins

63
Q

Why does signal transduction occur more rapidly and efficiently in lipid rafts?

A

close proximity of interacting proteins

64
Q

How was the existence of proteins within the substance of the plasma membrane confirmed?

A

freeze fracture

65
Q

-transport certain ions across the membrane
-transport metabolic precursors of macromolecules across membranes

A

pumps

66
Q

allow the passage of small ions, molecules, and water across the plasma membrane

A

channels

67
Q

allow recognition and localized binding of ligands in processes such as hormonal stimulation, coated-vesicle endocytosis, and antibody reactions

A

receptor proteins

68
Q

anchor the intracellular cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix

A

linker proteins

69
Q

morphologic changes in the cell’s plasma membrane that result in the formation of plasma-membrane blebs

A

cell injury

70
Q

caused by the detachment of the plasma membrane from underlying actin filaments of the cell cytoskeleton

A

plasma-membrane blebs

71
Q

the process by which extracellular stimuli are received, processed, and conveyed by the cell to regulate its own physiologic responses

A

cell signaling

72
Q

mechanisms by which cells respond to the external environment

A

signal transduction pathways

73
Q

addition of phosphate groups

A

phosphorylation

74
Q

addition of a diverse selection of sugar moities

A

glycosylation

75
Q

attaching acetyl functional groups

A

acetylation

76
Q

adding methyl groups

A

methylation

77
Q

reaction of nitric oxide with protein-free cysteine residues

A

nitrosylation

78
Q

attaching ubiquitin protein

A

ubuitination

79
Q

addition of small ubiquitin-related modifier protein

A

SUMOylation

80
Q

small fat-soluble, uncharged molecules and gases cross the plasma membrane down their concentration gradient without expenditure of metabolic energy and without help of transport proteins

A

simple or passive diffusion

81
Q

-transfer small, water-soluble molecules
-highly selective
-after binding, it undergoes a series of conformational changes and releases the molecule on the other side of the membrane

A

carrier proteins

82
Q

-transfer small, water-soluble molecules
-made of transmembrane proteins with several membrane-spanning domains that create hydrophilic channels through the membrane

A

channel proteins

83
Q

-penetrates the membrane bilayer and serves as an ion-selectivity filter

A

pore domain

84
Q

a process that involves configurational changes in the plasma membrane at localized sites and subsequent formation of vesicles from the membrane or fusion of vesicles with the membrane

A

vesicular transport

85
Q

What is the major mechanisms by which large molecules enter, leave, and move within the cell?

A

vesicle budding

86
Q

What are the 3 fluid compartments?

A

intracellular fluid, blood plasma, and interstitial fluid

87
Q

epithelial cells that line the blood vessels

A

endothelium

88
Q

pores in capillary walls

A

fenestrations

89
Q

What are the different types of diffusion gradients?

A

concentration, electrical, pressure

90
Q

columnar epithelial cells involved in absorption of nutrients

A

enterocytes

91
Q

increase absorptive surface area of the cell

A

microvilli

92
Q

ER that is studded with ribosomes

A

ergastoplasm

93
Q

What is the equation for starling’s forces?

A

NFP=(Pc-Pi)-(𝛑c-𝛑i)

94
Q

NFP

A

net filtration pressure

95
Q

𝛑

A

osmotic pressure

96
Q

c

A

capillary

97
Q

i

A

interstitial fliud

98
Q

p

A

hydrostatic pressure

99
Q

What is the normal Pc of the arterial end?

A

35 mmHg

100
Q

What is the normal Pi of the arterial end?

A

0 mmHg

101
Q

What is the normal 𝛑c of the arterial end?

A

28 mmHg

102
Q

What is the normal 𝛑i of the arterial end?

A

5 mmHg

103
Q

What is the normal Pc of the venous end ?

A

15 mmHg

104
Q

What is the normal Pi of the venous end?

A

0 mmHg

105
Q

What is the normal 𝛑c of the venous end?

A

28 mmHg

106
Q

What is the normal 𝛑i of the venous end?

A

5 mmHG

107
Q

Why is the NFP of the venous end negative?

A

so fluid can return to the capillary

108
Q

Simple squamous epithelium that lines the internal cavities of the body

A

Mesothelium

109
Q

Simple cuboidal cells that make up the liver parenchyma

A

Hepatocytes

110
Q

resemble epithelium but share characteristics

A

epitheliod

Histology (7 decks)

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