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Histology > Chapter 2 (reading) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 (reading) Flashcards

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1
Q

structures that are not usually surrounded by a plasma membrane

A

inclusions

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2
Q

a lipid bilayer that forms the cell boundary as well as the boundaries of many organelles within the cell

A

plasma (cell) membrane

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3
Q

a region of endoplasmic reticulum associated with ribosomes and the site of protein synthesis and modification of newly synthesized proteins

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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4
Q

a region of endoplasmic reticulum involved in lipid and steroid synthesis but not associated with ribosomes

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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5
Q

a membranous organelle composed of multiple flattened cisternae responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for intracellular or extracellular transport

A

golgi apparatus

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6
Q

membrane-bounded compartments interposed within endocytotic pathways that have the major function of sorting proteins delivered to them via endocytotic vesicles and redirecting them to different cellular compartments for their final destination

A

endosomes

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7
Q

small organelles containing digestive enzymes that are formed from endosomes by targeted delivery of unique membrane proteins and enzymes

A

lysosomes

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8
Q

organelles that provide most of the energy to the cell by producing ATP in the process of oxidative phosphorylation

A

mitochondria

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9
Q

small organelles involved in the production and degradation of H2O2 and degradation of fatty acids

A

peroxisomes

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10
Q

form elements of the cytoskeleton together with actin and intermediate filaments and continuously elongate and shorten—-dynamic instability

A

microtubules

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11
Q

short, paired cylindrical structures found in the center of the microtubule-organizing center and whose derivatives give rise to basal bodies cilia

A

centrioles

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12
Q

structures essential for protein synthesis and composed of rRNA

A

ribosomes

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13
Q

protein complexes that enzymatically degrade damaged and unnecessary proteins into small polypeptides and amino acids

A

proteasomes

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14
Q

what does the membrane primarily consist of?

A

phospholipid, cholesterol, and protein molecules

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15
Q

Microdomains of the plasma membrane, known as ______________, control the movement and distribution of proteins within the lipid bilayer.

A

lipid rafts

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16
Q

What is the dynamic glue that holds the lipid raft together?

A

cholesterol

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17
Q

-regarded as the molecular markers of planar lipid rafts and are considered to be scaffolding proteins
-also participate in recruitment of specific membrane proteins into the rafts and work as active partners in various signaling pathways

A

flotillins

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18
Q

proteins that have the capacity to bind cholesterol and a variety of proteins that are involved in signal transduction

A

caveolins

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19
Q

What preparation technique allowed for the existence of integral membrane proteins?

A

freeze-fracture

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20
Q

The E-face is backed by__________and the P-face is backed by ______________.

A

extracellular space
cytoplasm

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21
Q

-transport certain ions such as Na+ actively across membranes
-also transport metabolic precursors of macromolecules

A

pumps

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22
Q

allow the passage of small ions, molecules, and water across the plasma membrane in either direction

A

channels

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23
Q

allow recognition and localized binding of ligands in processes such as hormonal stimulation, coated-vesicle endocytosis, and antibody reactions

A

receptor proteins

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24
Q

anchor the intracellular cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix

A

linker proteins

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25
the process by which extracellular stimuli are received, processed, and conveyed by the cell to regulate its own physiologic responses
cell signaling
26
Activation of cell surface receptors leads to _________________, which contributes to the amplification of the signal.
posttranslational modification
27
What are the 6 posttranslational modifications mentioned in the text?
-phosphorylation -glycosylation -acetylation -methylation -nitrosylation -ubiquitination -SUMOylation
28
How do small, fat-soluble, uncharged molecules, and gases cross the plasma membrane down their concentration gradient without expending metabolic energy or transport proteins?
simple or passive diffusion
29
-transfer small, water-soluble molecules -highly selective -after binding, these proteins undergo a series of conformational changes and release the molecule on the other side of the membrane
carrier proteins
30
-transfer small, water-soluble molecules -made of transmembrane proteins with several membrane-spanning domains that create hydrophilic channels through the plasma membrane -ion selective and regulated on the basis of the cell's needs
channel proteins
31
partially penetrates the membrane bilayer and serves as an ion-selectivity filter due to regulation of its three-dimensional structure
pore domain
32
The major mechanism by which large molecules enter, leave, and move within the cell is called______________
vesicle budding
33
-the general term for processes of vesicular transport in which substances enter the cell -controls composition of the plasma membrane and the cellular response to changes in the external environment -key roles in nutrient uptake, cell signaling, and cell shape changes
endocytosis
34
-the general term for processes of vesicular transport in which substances leave the cell -also the process by which all cells deliver the intracellular plasma membrane to the cell surface
exocytosis
35
What happens when exocytosis is abolished?
no endocytosis takes place because they are coupled together
36
Following endocytosis, the contents of endocytotic vesicles and their membrane components are either:
recycled to the cell surface or are transported to late endosomes for future degradation
37
What is the best known protein that interacts with the plasma membrane in vesicle formation?
clathrin
38
-the nonspecific ingestion of fluid and small protein molecules via small vesicles -performed by virtually every cell in the organism & is constitutive -associated with the presence of caveolin and flotillin
micropinocytosis
39
-nonspecific uptake mechanism for extracellular fluids, solutes, nutrients, and antigens -actin-dependent -formation of surface membrane ruffles to entrap extracellular fluid
macropinocytosis
40
-large endocytic vacuoles -large fluid carrying capacity is utilized by immune cells in order to sample as much of their extracellular environment as possible
macropinosomes
41
-the ingestion of large particles such as cell debris, bacteria, and other foreign materials -pseudopodia from plasma membrane engulf particles into vesicles
phagocytosis
42
Phagocytosis is performed mainly by a specialized group of cells belonging to the ________________--
mononuclear phagocytotic system (MPS)
43
What receptors accumulate in well-defined regions of the cell membrane during receptor-mediated endocytosis?
cargo receptors
44
What are coated pits?
accumulation of electron-dense material that represents aggregation of clathrin molecules on the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane
45
Name the clathrin adaptor proteins which is instrumental in selecting appropriate cargo molecules for transport into the cells.
adaptin AP180
46
large mechanoenzyme GTPase that mediates the liberation of forming clathrin-coated vesicles from the plasma membrane during receptor-mediated endocytosis
dynamin
47
the process by which a vesicle moves from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane, where it discharges its contents to the extracellular space
exocytosis
48
-exocytosis pathway in which substances designated for export are continuously delivered in transport vesicles to the plasma membrane -these cells lack secretory granules
constitutive pathway
49
-exocytosis pathway in which specialized cells, such as endocrine and exocrine cells and neurons, concentrate secretory proteins and transiently store them in secretory vesicles within the cytoplasm
regulated secretory pathway
50
what stimulates secretory vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane and discharge their contents
influx of Ca2+ into the cytoplasm
51
Rab-GTPase interacts with _____________located on the target membrane.
tethering proteins
52
What does SNARE stand for?
soluble NSF attachment receptor
53
expressed on both the vesicles and target membranes to mediate accurate vesicle trafficking and subsequent membrane fusion
SNARE
54
A vesicle-specific SNARE (v-snare) interacts with the target plasma membrane that contains a ______________
target-specific SNARE
55
Successful assembly of the __________________guarantees the specificity of interaction between a particular vesicle and its target membrane.
trans-SNARE compelx
56
an 18 kDa integral membrane protein found in the synaptic vesicle (v-SNARE)
synaptobrevin
57
a 33 kDa integral membrane protein found in the presynaptic plasma membrane (t-SNARE)
syntaxin
58
a 23 kDa peripheral membrane protein attached to the intracellular surface of the presynaptic plasma membrane via modified lipid called palmitoylation
SNAP-25
59
Removal of cytoplasmic components, particularly membrane-bounded organelles, by digesting them within lysosomes
Autophagy
60
diseases that are characterized by dysfunctional lysosomes
lysosomal storage diseases
61
The absence of what enzyme causes Tay-Sachs disease?
a lysosomal galactosidase (B-hexaminidase) that catalyzes a step in lysosomal breakdown of gangliosides in neurons
62
The ________________________ in secretory cells is the light microscopic image of the organelle called rough endoplasmic reticulum.
ergastoplasm
63
In many instances, the rough ER is continuous with the outer membrane of the__________________.
nuclear envelope
64
Groups of ribosomes form short spiral arrays called polyribosomes in which many ribosomes are attached to a thread of _________________.
messenger RNA
65
What type of proteins do "free" ribosomes synthesize?
those that will remain in the cell as cytoplasmic, structural, or functional elements
66
large basophilic bodies of nerve cells that consist of both rER and large numbers of free ribosomes
Nissl bodies
67
_____________________is well developed in secretory cells and does not stain with hematoxylin or eosin.
the golgi apparatus
68
the flattened cisternae located closest to the rER represent the forming face or the_________________
cis-Golgi network
69
the cisternae located away from the rER represent the maturing face or the _____________________
trans-Golgi network
70
How do mitochondria increase in number?
by dividing throughout interphase
71
Mitochondria are believed to have evolved from an ___________________________________ that lived symbiotically within primitive eukaryotic cells.
aerobic prokaryote (Eubacterium)
72
Mitochondria are present in all cells except_______________
RBC and terminal keratinocytes
73
small membrane-limited spherical organelles that contain oxidative enzymes, particularly catalase and other peroxidases
peroxisomes
74
What enzyme universally present in peroxisomes carefully regulates the cellular hydrogen peroxide content by breaking down hydrogen peroxide, thus protecting the cell?
catalase
75
nonbranching and rigid hollow tubes of polymerized protein that can rapidly assemble and equally rapidly disassemble
microtubules
76
Where do microtubules grow from?
y-tubulin rings within the MTOC
77
-can modify the speed of polymerization and depolymerization of microtubules -regulate microtubule assembly and anchor the microtubules to specific organelles
microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs)
78
the process of switching from a growing to a shrinking microtubule is often called a:
microtubule catastrophe
79
-cytoplasmic or nuclear structures with characteristic staining properties that are formed from the metabolic products of cell -contain products of metabolic activity of the cell and consist largely of pigment granules, lipid droplets, and glycogen
inclusions
80
What is the most common "wear-and-tear" pigment?
lipofuscin
81
rope-like filaments that add stability to the cell and interact with cell junctions
intermediate filaments
82
which hydrolyze ATP to provide energy for movement along the actin filament and are responsible for muscle contraction
actin motor proteins
83
What does the nucleus of a nondividing (interphase) cell consist of?
-chromatin -nucleolus -nuclear envelope -nucleoplasm
84
what is the nucleoplasm?
nuclear content other than the chromatin and nucleolus
85
the disappearance of nuclei due to complete dissolution of DNA by increased activity of DNAase
karyolysis
86
condensation of chromatin leading to shrinkage of the nuclei
pyknosis
87
fragmentations of nuclei; usually preceded by pyknosis
karyorrhexis
88
densely staining, highly condensed chromatin
heterochromatin
89
lightly staining, dispersed chromatin -active chromatin
euchromatin
90
What type of heterochromatin are Barr bodies?
facultative

Histology (7 decks)

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