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SHS 485 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

dorsal vs. ventral

A

top vs. bottom

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2
Q

superior vs. inferior

A

above vs. below

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3
Q

anterior vs. posterior (rostral vs. caudal)

A

front vs. back

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4
Q

lateral vs. medial

A

closer to outside vs. closer to middle

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5
Q

contralateral vs. ipsilateral

A

opposite side vs. same side

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6
Q

proximal vs. distal

A

closer vs. farther away

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7
Q

sagittal cut

A

into left and right side

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8
Q

coronal cut

A

into front and back

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9
Q

axial cut

A

into top and bottom

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10
Q

myelin

A

insulating layer (or sheath) that forms around the nerves
-allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly along the nerve cells

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11
Q

what is the function of the neuron

A

perform computation, transmitting information

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12
Q

aspects of a neuron

A

dendrites - input component (“summing” the information)
axon hillock - integration component
axon - transmission component (comes off the cell body to communicate with other neurons)
synapse - output component (between cell body and axon)

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13
Q

gyrus

A

protruding rounded surfaces

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14
Q

sulcus

A

smaller creases

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15
Q

cortex

A

outer layer
-contains gray matter in the brain

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16
Q

subcortex

A

everything under the outer layer
-contains white matter (in brain), subcortical nuclei, and ventricles

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17
Q

gray matter

A

within brain - outer layer
within spinal cord - “under” the white matter (cell bodies and dendrites)

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18
Q

white matter

A

within brain - “under” the gray matter
within spinal cord - outer layer

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19
Q

3 pathways of white matter

A

descending, ascending, and cortico-cortical
-cortico-cortical has both ipsilateral and contralateral ways

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20
Q

primary cortex

A

first stop in or last stop out
-visual, auditory, somatic, and motor
- topographically organized (retinotopy, tonotopy, somatotopy, and critical magnification)

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21
Q

primary visual

A

being aware of what is being seen
-calcarine sulcus (needs midline view to see it)

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22
Q

primary auditory

A

being consciously aware of what is being heard
-heschl’s gyrus (its inside temporal lobe, cannot be seen from lateral view)
-2 sides

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23
Q

primary somatic

A

sensory information
-postcentral sulcus

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24
Q

primary motor

A

allows to make movements and motor functions
-precentral gyrus
-if damaged, cannot make certain motor functions

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25
non primary cortex
everything that is NOT the first or last stop -often called the association cortex -unimodal (premotor) : processes one sense, one modality -multimodal (prefrontal) : processes more than one modality
26
aspects of the brain
brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon
27
brainstem
includes medulla, pons, and midbrain -helps with simple things that keep us alive such as respiration, heart rate, sleep wake cycle, and arousal
28
cerebellum
integrates information about the body and motor commands to modify motor outflow -2 hemispheres -motor control (postural adjustments and fine tuning movements) -higher cognitive functions including language -inputs : from parts of the brain with motor and sensory processing -ascending output : to thalamus THEN onto motor and premotor cortex
29
diencephalon
hypothalamus, subthalamus, thalamus
30
thalamus
incoming sensory information relays here before entering the cerebral cortex -sensory, motor, and cognitive functions -the relay station
31
connectivity
almost all connections in the brain are reciprocal (give info, get info) -hierarchical : processing in stages with building on computations from previous or earlier stages (ex. we see the light, THEN we put that into shapes THEN can recognize) -parallel : we do things at the same time (ex. within a conversation)
32
laminar organization
6 layers of laminae (neocortex) -each layer is doing something different based on the function it will have a different thickness
33
stroke
disruption of blood flow to the brain leading to focal neurologic deficits -ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke
34
ischemic stroke
blockage of blood flow in an artery -focal and cleaner -affected tissue is relatively easier to identify
35
hemorrhagic stroke
rupture of an artery -complex -more difficult to know effects of the bleeding, deficits are often
36
trauma (traumatic brain injury)
physical force to head -open head vs. closed head injury
37
open head injury
penetrating wound (skull is cracked) -more focal to say on average
38
closed head injury
skull remains intact, but brain is damaged due to : -compression -stretching -tearing -pressure release -more diffuse on average
39
brain tumor
abnormal tissue growth -cells are growing at an atypical rate (meninges and glial cells) -affects the brain due to compression
40
how do brain tumors affect the brain
on the level of the cells : takes away space and resources from neurons on the level of compression : pushing on healthy tissues and disrupting blood flow to healthy cells
41
degenerative disease
progressive, diffuse damage -diffuse impairment -can start somewhere or can be global -whole brain impact
42
fMRI
measures regional changes in blood flow -helps understand underlying causes of deficits
43
EEG
measuring electrical signals inside the brain when you think -can be used to asses brain's response to language tasks -can be used to look at overall baseline alertness and function
44
direct cortical stimulation
delivery of a small electric current directly on the cortical surface -determines regions necessary for language -will be awake for stimulation
45
TMS
method for producing temporary focal brain lesion through stimulation with a magnetic field -can stimulate certain areas of the brain
46
language
broken into lexicon and grammar -lexicon : mental dictionary -grammar : linguistic experimentation
47
language is NOT
-communication -thought -speech
48
language is complex because
based around the idea that computers are still bad with recognizing speech -very smart animals cannot do it, except for humans
49
language processing can be complex but ...
-every child acquires sophisticated linguistic competence before age 5 -learning occurs by exposure to language
50
phrenology
theory that different parts of the brain have different functions -good : the theory is sound -bad : methods and how they measured it was debunked and not sound
51
aphasia
lack of language in people with some sort of brain damage or change that have speech or language impairment
52
broca's aphasia
damage to motor area -effortful, non-fluent production, good comprehension, aware of deficit
53
wernicke's aphasia
damage to auditory/input area -fluent production, frequency errors, poor comprehension, unaware of deficit -can still have some comprehension abilities
54
conduction aphasia
idea that auditory and motor areas are not able to "communicate" to each other -fluent production, frequent with phonemic errors, good comprehension, aware of deficit -repetition is impaired
55
classic house model
concept representation - widely distributed motor word images - broca's area what is spoken - output auditory word images - wernicke's area what is heard - input
56
what would happen is there was damage to motor word image area
would create impaired production -goes to output -C to M to mouth must be clear for fluent production
57
what would happen if there was damage to the auditory word area
create comprehension problems -input goes here first -pathway from ear to A to C must be clear for comprehension
58
repetition routes
upper : input - A - C - M - output (works for speech that you have a concept for) lower : input - A - M - output (can handle everything)
59
main difference between old and new thoughts of aphasia
-localization of function -fuller description of the disorder
60
problems with the house model
-anomia : inability to name things -agrammatism : what comes out lacks grammar -some comprehension errors with conduction and broca's aphasia -non parallel production deficits in conduction vs. wernicke's -conduction aphasia terminology
61
phonemic paraphasias
phoneme based errors
62
verbal/semantic paraphasia
incorrect word selection -often related in meaning
63
paragrammatism
running speech that is incoherent -some bits and words are okay, but the order is not right

SHS 485 (2 decks)

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