Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Most important reproductive organ
A
Hypothalamus & pituitary
2
Q
Female two centers of the hypothalamus
A
Surge and tonic
3
Q
Male center of the hypothalamus
A
Tonic
4
Q
What type of cell does the hypothalamus have
A
Neurosecretory cells
5
Q
Hypothalamus function
A
Produces neurohormones and transmits information
6
Q
What does the hypothalamus produce while releasing hormones
A
Pulses
7
Q
If a hormone frequency is low, where is it considered from
A
Tonic center
8
Q
If hormone frequency is high, where is the location
A
Surge
9
Q
How does the hypothalamus connect to posterior pituitary
A
Directly through neurons
10
Q
How is the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus
A
By the infundibular stalk
11
Q
What tissue is the posterior pituitary composed of
A
Neural tissue
12
Q
How does the hypothalamus connect to the anterior pituitary
A
Indirectly by the primary portal plexus
13
Q
How is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus
A
By the infundibular stalk
14
Q
What tissue is the anterior pituitary composed of
A
Granular tissue
15
Q
Anterior pituitary function
A
Hormone storage and synthesis
16
Q
Functions of female repro system
A
Hormone and gamete production, gamete transport, fertilization, growth/development of offspring, parturition
17
Q
Why is the ovary a primary organ
A
Produces gametes
18
Q
Function of the ovary
A
Gamete production and secrets hormones
19
Q
First stage of follicle development
A
Primordial follicle
20
Q
What type of cell surrounds the primordial follicle
A
Flattened granulosa cells
21
Q
Second stage of follicle development
A
Primary follicle
22
Q
Third stage of follicle development
A
Secondary follicle
23
Q
Fourth stage of follicle development
A
Tertiary follicle
24
Q
Fifth stage of follicle development
A
Antral follicle
25
First stage of ovarian structures
Corpus hemorrhagicum
26
Second stage of ovarian structures
Corpus luteum
27
Third stage of ovarian structure
Corpus albicans
28
Type of cell that surrounds oocyte in primary follicle
Cubodial granulosa cells
29
What type of cell is the secondary follicle composed of
Follicular cells
30
Formation of what type of cells in secondary follicle
Thecal and granulosa cells
31
What stage does the antrum form
Fourth stage (tertiary follicle)
32
Which stage of a follicle contains granulosa and thecal layers
Tertiary follicle (4th)
33
Which follicle stage contains a secondary oocyte
Antral follicle
34
Which follicle stage can rupture and ovulate
Antral follicle
35
Which follicle stage is first stage that is noticable
Tertiary follicle
36
Which ovarian structure is cumulus oocyte complex
Corpus hemorrhagicum
37
Which ovarian structure is a newly ruptured follicle that has ovulated
Corpus hemorrhagicum
38
Job of specialized granulosa cells (cumulus cells)
Ensures the oocyte remains healthy
39
Which ovarian structure contains specialized granulosa cells
Corpus hemorrhagicum
40
Which ovarian structure contains endocrine
Corpus luteum
41
Which ovarian structure produces progesterone
Corpus luteum
42
Which ovarian structure establishes and maintains pregnancy
Corpus luteum
43
Which ovarian structure is the regressed form of corpus luteum
Corpus albicans
44
Which ovarian structure is scar tissue
Corpus albicans
45
First layer of the female tube system
Lumen
46
Second layer of the female tube system
Mucosa
47
Third layer of the female tube system
Submucosa
48
Fourth layer of the female tube system
Muscularis
49
Fifth layer of the female tube system
Serosa
50
Sixth layer of the female tube system
Broad ligament
51
What occurs in the lumen of the female tube system
Gametes transported if the fetus is developed
52
Function of the mucosa layer of the female tube system
Provides nutrients to the embry
53
Which layer of the female tube system contains a lymphatic and blood system
Submucosa
54
Which layer of the female tube system provides nutrients to other layers
Submucosa
55
Which layer of the female tube system contains two muscle layers
Muscularis
56
The two muscle layers on the 4th layer of the female tube system
Longitudinal and circular
57
Layer of the female tube system that is a protective layer
Serosa
58
Layer of the female tube system that supports the tract for it to remain in place
Broad ligament
59
Which layer of the tube system contains 3 sections (mesovarium, mesosalphinx, mesometrium)
Broad ligament
60
The mesovarium of the broad ligament is around
The ovary
61
The mesosalphinx of the broad ligament is around
The oviduct
62
The mesometrium of the broad ligament is around
The uterus
63
Three structures of the oviduct
Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus
64
Infundibulum function
Helps catch cumulus oocyte when released
65
Isthmus function
Supports sperm cells
66
Ampulla function
Moves oocyte to fertilization and provides secretion
67
Site of fertilization in female
Ampullary isthmic junction
68
Function of the oviduct
Cilia transportation & secrets substances for pH and nutrients
69
Three layers of the uterus
Perimetrium, miometrium, endometrium
70
Function of the endometrium of the uterus
Supplies nutrients to embryo
71
Three types of cervix
Annular rings, interdigitating pads, longitudinal folds
72
The cervix is composed of what cells
Secretor and ciliated cells
73
Functions of the cervix
Physical and chemical barrier & movement of sperm (potentially store)
74
What cell does the vagina contain
Squamous epithelial cells
75
Functions of the vagina
Chemical barrier, sperm function, copulatory organ
76
Primary organ of the male tract
Testicles
77
Why is the testicles outside of the body cavity
Temperature must be cooler than body temperature to produce sperm
78
Where does the testicles originally develop
By the kidney
79
Where do the testicles descend
Through the inguinal canal, into scrotal pouch
80
What causes the testes to descend
Gubernaculum
81
Four organs that help regulate temperature of the testes
Scrotal skin, cremaster muscle, tunica dartos, pampiniform plexus
82
How does the scrotal skin help with temperature regulation
Contains sweat glands for evaporative cooling
83
How does the cremaster muscle help regulate temperature of the testes
Pulls testes closer to body/drop testes away from body
84
What type of contraction is the cremaster muscle
Short-term
85
How does the tunica dartos help with testes temperature regulation
Contacts/relaxes based on environmental conditions
86
What type of contraction is the tunica dartos
Long-term
87
How does the pampiniform plexus help with testes temperature regulation
Cools the blood entering the testes
88
Four structures of the testes
Tunica albuginia, seminiferous tubules, rete testis, efferent ductules
89
Tunica albuginia function of testes
Allows testes to slide back and forth in scrotum pouch
90
Which testes structure is where sperm cells are produced
Seminiferous tubules
91
Function of testes
Production of gametes & secrets hormones
92
Seminiferous tubules function
Sperm cell production & sperm movement
93
Function of leydig cells
Produces testosterone
94
Function of basement membrane
Support
95
Sertoli cell function
Aids in spermatogenesis
96
Development of sperm cells along sertoli cells
Spermatogonia -> spermatocyte -> spermatid -> spermatozoa
97
Movement of sperm cells
Seminiferous tubules -> rete testis -> efferent ducts -> caput epididymis -> corpus epididymis -> cauda epididymis -> vas deferens
98
How are sperm cells carried to the caput epididymis
Fluids secreted by efferent ducts
99
Function of caput epipdidmys
Concentrate sperm cell numbers by absorption of fluid
100
Where do sperm cells gain fertility
Corpus epididymis
101
Where is the cytoplasmic droplet removed
Corpus epididymis
102
Cauda epididymis function
Sperm cell storage
103
Ampulla of males function
Muscle contractions, storage of sperm short-term, increase sperm concentration (false mounts)
104
Three accessory glands of the male
Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland
105
Seminal vesicles function
Helps prepare sperm to enter female, provides nutrients, flushes out urine, production of seminal plasma
106
Prostate gland function
Produces proteins & components to seminal plasma
107
Bulbourethral gland function
Produces gel fraction
108
Which two muscles propels sperm into female tract
Ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus
109
What is the s shaped structure in males
Sigmoid flexure
110
Fibroelastic pene
Rigid in non-erect state, straightens when increase in BP
111
Vascular pene
Filled with blood, higher rate of BP, no S
112
Afferent pathway
Stimulus to processing center
113
Efferent pathway
Processing center to response
114
Neurocrine secretion
Neurons produces hormones, travels down axon, released from terminal ending, into blood system
115
Paracrine secretion
Stimulation of different cells next to each other
116
Autocrine secretion
Stimulation of same cells next to each other
117
Juxtacrine
Stimulation to adjacent cells through cell junctions
118
Steps of studying hormones
Albation, replacement, isolate and purify, assay changes in concentrations
119
First endrocrinology experiment
Berthold’s experiment; is testes responsible for male characteristics
120
Bioassay measure
Take one object, inject it, turns into something new
121
Radioummunoassay measure
Looking for amount of hormone in the body
122
ELISA measure
Uses chemical reaction as color change
123
Steroids characteristics
Small, hydrophobic/lipohilic, travels in blood w/ carrier, diffuses through cell membrane, receptor 2 locations
124
Pathway of cholesterol to progesterone
27 carbon cholesterol -> 3 steps pregnenolone -> progesterone
125
Which enzyme for 27 carbon cholesterol -> 27 carbon pregnenolone
Enzyme P450scc
126
Which enzyme for 21 carbon pregnenolone -> 21 carbon progesterone
Enzyme 3bHSD
127
Which enzyme for 21 carbon progesterone -> 19 carbon testosterone
Multiple pathways
128
Which enzyme 19 carbon testosterone -> 18 carbon estradiol
Aromatase
129
Non-steroids characteristics
Large, hydrophilic, receptors on plasma membrane, needs second messenger
130
“Lock and key” hormone action
Specific hormone to a specific receptor
131
The effectiveness of a hormone depends on
The number of receptors and the affinity of hormone
132
Agonist hormone action
Acts like a hormone with positive response
133
Antagonist hormone action
Acts like a hormone but has a negative response
134
Oxytocin locations
Produced in hypothalamus, released and stored in PP
135
Oxytocin function
Promotes smooth muscle contractions
136
GnRH locations
Produced, stored, and released from hypothalamus
137
FSH locations
Produced and stored in AP
138
Where does FSH travel and target
Ovary or testes
139
What does FSH do in females
Stimulates follicle growth and E2 production
140
What does FSH do in males
Supports sertoli cell function, E2 production
141
LH locations
Produced and stored in AP
142
Where does LH travel and target
Ovary and testes
143
What does LH do to females
Stimulates ovulation, produces progesterone
144
What does LH do in males
Stimulates leydig to make testosterone
145
What cells produces testosterone
Leydig (testes), theca (follicle)
146
Testosterone action in males
Promotes spermatogenesis, promotes E2 secretion of accessory sex glands
147
Testosterone action in female
E2
148
Estrogen is produced by
Sertoli cells (testes), granulosa cells (follicle), placenta
149
What is progesterone produced by
CL, placenta
150
Which hormone is required for pregnancy
Progesterone
151
PGF2a is produced by
The tube system
152
Function of PGF2a
Promotes SM contractions, kills CL, ovulation
153
Pathway of PGF2a if pregnant
CL produces progesterone
154
Pathway of PGF2a if not pregnant
Releases FGF2a -> kills CL, progesterone goes away, follicles develop
155
PGE2 is produced by
Tube system
156
Actions of PGE2 in pregnancy
Stimulates pregnancy
157
PGE2 pathway if not pregnant
Conversion to PGF2a -> kills CL, progesterone goes away, follicles develop
