Exam 2 Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
Which stage are a majority of embryonic hormones produced
A
Blastocyst stage
2
Q
Where is Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) produced
A
Trophectoderm
3
Q
Function of hCG
A
Stimulating the gonads
4
Q
What effect does the hCG have on the gonads
A
Positive effect
5
Q
When is hCG produced in the stage of gestation
A
Early stage, detected in blood on day 8
6
Q
Pathway of hCG
A
Fetus produces hCG, acts on CL to produce progesterone, helps embryonic development
7
Q
What hormone does the human pregnancy detect in urine
A
Hormone hCG
8
Q
Which hormone was the first that was used to manipulate reproductive cycles of diff species
A
Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG)
9
Q
Which hormone is only found in ruminants
A
Interferon Tau (INFT)
10
Q
IFNT works directly where
A
Uterine endometrium, stays within uterus
11
Q
IFNT function
A
Blocks smooth muscle contractions from oxytocin, which blocks PGF2a
12
Q
First step of embryonic development
A
Fertilization
13
Q
Second stage of embryonic development
A
Fusion
14
Q
Third stage of embryonic development
A
2-cell stage
15
Q
Fourth stage of embryonic development
A
4-cell stage
16
Q
Fifth stage of embryonic development
A
8-cell stage
17
Q
Sixth stage of embryonic development
A
Morula
18
Q
Seventh stage of embryonic development
A
Blastocyst
19
Q
In the blastocyst, what does the inner cell mass become
A
The fetus
20
Q
In the blastocyst, what does the trophectoderm become
A
The placenta
21
Q
Endoderm of the embryo creates
A
The hypothalamus, PP, AP
22
Q
Mesoderm of the embryo consists of which systems
A
Muscle, skeleton, cardiovascular, reproductive systems
23
Q
Ectoderm of the embryo consists of
A
Skin, hair, nervous system
24
Q
What does the endoderm make
A
Blastocoel
25
What does the mesoderm make
Inner cell mass
26
What does the ectoderm make
Trophetoderm
27
Gastrulation definition
When the inner cell mass cells intermingle to create the fetus
28
What does gastrulation result in
Formation of PP
29
Two different types of cells
Somatic cells and germ cells
30
Somatic cells consists of
All cells within the body except germ cells
31
Characteristics of somatic cells
Diploid, autosomes, sex chromosomes, mitosis
32
Germ cells consist of
Oognonia and spermatogonia
33
Germ cells characteristics
Haploid, originates from primordial germ cells, mitosis and meiosis
34
Transportation pathway of primordial cells becoming germ cells
Originates within yolk sac, migrates through and behind hind gut, into gonadal ridge
35
When the primordial cells reach the gonadal ridge, what occurs
Formation of primary sex cords
36
What happens when primordial germ cells undergo mitosis in the gonadal ridge
Increase germ cells and forms primary sex cords
37
When the primary sex cords are produced, what occurs next?
Gonadal ridge is sealed off by tunica albuginia
38
What gender is paramesonephros (mullerian duct)
Female
39
What gender is mesonephros (wolfian duct)
Male
40
Indifferent gonads contains both
Mullerian ducts and wolfian ducts
41
The mullerian duct becomes
Oviduct
42
The wolfian duct becomes
Vas deferens and epididymis
43
What happens to indifferent gonads when changes occur
Where one portion of the tract develops/regress for male/female
44
Alfred jost’s experiment
Consisted of removing gonads of adult rabbis
45
Why is the y chromosome important
Testes determining factor
46
All oocytes carry x chromosome, but where does the y chromosome come from
Sperm cells determine the sex of their offspring with the chromosome
47
Where does the external genitalia develop from
Ectoderm
48
What regulates external genitalia
Sex steroids
49
External genitalia also has
An indifferent state
50
Two types of external phenotypes
Sexual dimorphism (characteristics), sex steroids on brain (behavior)
51
Alpha-fetoprotein only binds to what hormone
Estrogen
52
What happens when alpha-fetoprotein binds to estrogen
Cant pass through blood-brain barrier, testosterone converts to estrogen
53
What happens when alpha-fetoprotein and estrogen can’t pass through blood-brain barrier?
Becomes blocked from brain and allows surge & tonic to develop
54
First step of reproductive cycle
Puberty
55
Second step of reproductive cycle
Breeding seasons
56
Third step of reproductive cycles
Gestation/lactation
57
Fourth stage of reproductive cycles
Senescence
58
Prepuberty in females
Infrequent GnRH pulses, decreased follicle growth
59
Puberty in females
Estrogen feedback established, follicle growth, LH surge in place
60
Factors that impact puberty timing in females
Genetics, body weight, environment, stress, social factors
61
What is the estrus cycle
Observation of sexual receptivity
62
The estrus cycle has a specific what between species
Specific characteristic length
63
Estrus cycle sequence of events
Physiological, behavioral, sexual receptivity vs no sexual receptivity, on the ovary, hormonal
64
Which squence of events for the estrus cycles show an increase in estrogen
Behavioral
65
What is the hormonal sequence of events of the estrus cycle based on
What’s occuring on the ovary
66
What does anestrus mean
Without cyclicity
67
Which animals are considered anestrus
Challenged, stressed, malnutrition, pregnant
68
Ways to classify parts of the estrus cycle
Ovarian structures, hormonal profiles, occurrence of estrus, ovulation
69
What happens during follicular phase
Growth of follicles
70
What is the dominant structure and hormone in the follicular phase
Preovulatory follicle, estrogen
71
When does the follicular phase start
When the CL regresses
72
When does the follicular phase end
Ovulation
73
Types of estrus during the follicular phase
Proestrus and estrus
74
Proestrus
Increase in estrogen (increase in follicles), decrease in progesterone (regressed CL)
75
Estrus
Peak estrogen concentrations, influences LH and FSH surges
76
What happens during the luteal phase
Growth of CL
77
Dominant structure and hormone of luteal phase
CL, progesterone
78
When does the luteal phase begin
Ovulation
79
When does the luteal phase end
CL regression
80
Types of estrus during luteal phase
Metaestrus, diestrus
81
Metaestrus occurs when
LH and estrogen are low, but progesterone is high
82
Diestrus occurs when
Estrogen is low, highest concentration of progesterone
83
Four types of hormonal profiles in order
Proestrus, estrus, metaestrus, diestrus
(Pigs Eat Many Donuts)
84
Polyestrus definition
Displays estrus throughout the year
85
Seasonally polyestrus definition
Displays more than one estrus cycle during a specific time of the year
86
Monoestrus definition
Displays estrus once a year
87
Animal that doesnt have a estrus cycle
Rabbits
88
Spontaneous ovulator definition
Ovulates with a regular frequency and doesn’t;t require copulation
89
Reflux (induced ovulator) definition
Ovulation occurs after stimulation of vagina and/or cervix
90
What species is the menstrual cycle in
Primates
91
What happens during the menstrual cycle
Physical sloughing of the endometrial lining
92
What kind of ovulation does the menstrual cycle have
Silent ovulation
93
First event of the menstrual cycle
Menstruation
94
Second event of the menstrual cycle
Follicular growth
95
Third event of the menstrual cycle
Ovulation
96
Fourth event of the menstrual cycle
Luteinization
97
Fifth event of the menstrual cycle
Endometrial growth
98
Sixth event of the menstrual cycle
Luteolysis
99
Outermost layer of the oocyte
Zona pellucida
100
Function of zona pellucida
Provides protection and assists in fertilization
101
Surface layer of the oocyte
Vitelline membrane
102
Vitelline membrane function
Contains the goodies
103
Space between the zona pellucida and the vitelline membrane
Perivitelline space
104
Perivitelline space function
Movement of vitelline membrane
105
Cytoplasm of the oocyte function
Contains goodies for survival
106
Germinal vesicle of the oocyte function
Contains genetic information
107
What cells surround the oocyte
Cumulus granulosa cells
108
Cumulus granulosa cells function
Helps maintain oocyte
109
What inhibits primary oocytes from continuing further in meiosis
Cumulus granulosa cells
110
Oogenesis definition
Formation and development of ovum
111
Oogonium definition
Primordial cell develops into oocyte to become oogonia from mitosis in primary sex coords
112
What stage do primary oocytes freeze
Meiosis 1
113
What occurs during meiosis 1
Many oocytes die and degrade
114
Granulosa cells function
Produces estrogen, considered nurse cells for oocyte
115
Thecal cells function
Produces testosterone
116
Follicular fluid function
Supports follicle growth, aids in oocyte development, mediates granulosa cell functions
117
Granulosa cells are responsive to which hormone
FSH
118
Thecal cells are responsive to which hormone
LH
119
Granulosa cells form from the
Cortex
120
Thecal cells form from the
Stroma
121
Three stages of folliculogenesis
Recruitment, selection, dominance
122
Last stage of folliculogenesis
Preovulatory follicle
