Exam 1 Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Variation
A
For evolution the trait must be heritable
2
Q
Fitness
A
The ability to reproduce more fertile offsprings which increases the frequency of their genes in the gene pool
3
Q
Derived Trait
A
Are not found in ancestral species, they are new to daughter species
4
Q
Evolution part 1
A
A.) Population evolves, not individuals
5
Q
Evolution part 2
A
Periods of stress can results in stronger adaptations being selected
6
Q
Natural selection
A
Can only affect traits that differ among individuals in a population
7
Q
Evolution affect on environment
A
if an environment changes, so will the selection pressures
8
Q
Convergent Evolution
A
is when unrelated species evolve analogous structures due to similar environmental pressures
9
Q
Analogous Feature
A
Is when a species have the same functions (by convergence) but do not have a common ancestry and are not derived from the same ancestral feature.
10
Q
Highly Conserved Trait
A
“Conserved genes” mutate slowly and are used to show distant relationships
11
Q
What are the 3 levels of evolution?
A
Micro evolution
Speciation
12
Q
Evolution definition part 3
A
Any change in gene frequencies in a population over time
13
Q
Microevolution
A
Change in micro organism and gene frequency
14
Q
Speciation
A
Making new species
15
Q
What are the four theory of Biology
A
Cell theory
Gene theory
Heredity
Evolution
16
Q
Cell theory
A
life is made up of cell
17
Q
Gene theory
A
reproduce in the cell
18
Q
Heredity
A
Generation to generation change
19
Q
Evolution
A
looking over heredity for a long time
20
Q
What are the 3 general phases of how natural selection works?
A
1.)Populations
2.)Competition\
3.)Selection\ Survival
4.) Change in the gene frequencies
21
Q
What is the mechanism of evolution?
A
Natural Selection
22
Q
Colouration
A
Darker Morphs became more common in dark soils, lighter morphs on sandy soil
23
Q
How does natural selection work (a)?
A
Variety of population
24
Q
How does natural selection work (b)?
A
Recombination of genes in sexual reproduction
25
Cell theory
Life is made up of cell
26
the evolution of beak sizes in Galápogos finches is a response to?
the types of seeds available
27
according to Darwin, how does evolution occur?
by natural selection
28
the inference that evolution occurs gradually over time is?
supported by many transitional forms in the fossil record
29
the traits of individuals best adapted to survive become more common in each new generation because?
the adaptations responsible for those traits increase through natural selection
30
what does natural selection cause?
changes in the frequency of certain adaptations in a population
31
what must exist in a population in order for natural selection to act?
genetic variation, overproduction, and struggle for survival
32
what is natural selection?
the process by which organisms with traits well suited to the environment survive and reproduce at a greater rate than other organisms
33
what does modern evolutionary theory not predict?
if species share a common ancestor, they will share all the characteristics of that ancestor
34
if the structures are similar what does it suggest?
that they have a common ancestor
35
who was the scientist that proposed that individuals could pass on traits acquired during their lifetime?
Lamarck
36
where does strong evidence for evolution come from?
fossil record
37
what are structures that are reduced in size and have no function called?
vestigial structures
38
what did Darwin theorize that natural selection is?
the mechanism of evolution, how modern species have come to exist, and the explanation for beak variation in finches
39
evolution
species change over time
40
genetic variation
the different traits that can be inherited within a population
41
natural selection
the number of individuals who possess favorable characteristics will increase in population
42
convergent evolution
different species evolve similar traits
43
coevolution
two or more species evolve adaptations to each other's influence
44
artificial selection
breeding of faster horses by humans
45
Who started the modern practice of scientific classification/taxonomy?
Linnaeus
46
Analogous features
always have the same function
47
Analogous traits in two species?
have the same functions and do not show common ancestry.
48
If two modern organisms are distantly related in an evolutionary sense, then one should expect that
they should share fewer homologous structures than two more closely related organisms.
49
The role that humans play in artificial selection is to?
choose which organisms breed, and which do not.
50
Seals and Whales have similar features - like a streamlined body shape, flippers instead of paws or legs, reduced fur etc. Due to
convergence
51
In a process called _______________ bacteria break down organic matter and release ammonia as a waste product.
ammonification
52
Prokaryotes divide by _______ making _________.
binary fission; two identical cells
53
"Rogue proteins" that denature constitutive proteins into more rogue proteins are called
prions
54
Although not present in all bacteria, this sticky outer cell covering enables cells to adhere their substrate or resist the defenses of host organisms, especially their phagocytic (immune) cells.
capsule
55
Why do we put prokaryote organisms into two domains: Bacteria and Archaea?
genetic comparisons using DNA show arachea to be more closely related to eukayotes
56
Organisms that grow best without oxygen, but can tolerate the presence of oxygen are called
Facultative aerobes
57
In transduction bacteria
get new genes via viruses.
58
Things about the eukaryote flagella
Flexible
59
In a eukaryote cell, the mitochondrion is believed to be derived from
Protebacteria
60
In a green algae cell, the chloroplast is believed to be derived from
Cyanobacteria
61
Animals, Fungi and Amoebozoans belong to the supergroup
Unikonta
62
In a eukaryote cell, the nucleus and endomembrane system is believed to be derived from
archaea ancestor
63
According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?
from engulfing, originally free-living proteobacteria
64
Water molds, Brown Algae, Dinoflagellates and Diatoms belong in the super group
SAR
65
Scientific Theory
Comprehensive explanation, useful to extrapolate to other conditions
66
Scientific Law
they describe a physical phenomenon, limited to set conditions and cannot be extrapolated outside those conditions
67
Eubacteria
Contains peptidoglycan
68
A nonessential gene in a bacteria that is present in only some of the individuals in a population most probably would be found in the
plasmid
69
Which term describes a deep sea vent bacteria and archaea that obtain both energy and carbon from the hydrothermal vent water?
chemoautotroph
70
Prokaryotes without peptidoglycan in their cells walls include the
Archaea
71
Amoebozoans, Fungi and Animals belong in the super group
Unikonta
72
In a brown algae, diatom or dinoflagellate cell, the chloroplast is believed to be derived from
73
The best evidence for not classifying the slime molds as fungi comes from slime molds
DNA Sequence
74
Giardia, Trichonomas, and Euglena belong in the super group
Excavata
75
What often causes a trait to be conserved (not change over time)?
Mutation to that gene is more likely to reduce fitness
76
Biogeography with fossils shows that the distributions ( where they were located) of many species were found
across continents very far apart today
77
Prokaryotes' essential genetic information is located in the
genophore.
78
In transduction bacteria
get new genes via viruses.
79
E. coli goes best in the presences of oxygen but us also able to survive in a animals gut without oxygen but doing fermentation. E. coli is good examples of a
facultative anaerobe
80
Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of
secondary endosymbiosis.
81
In life cycles with an alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with
multicellular diploid forms.
82
In life cycles with an alternation of generations, multicellular haploid forms alternate with
multicellular diploid forms.
83
Obligate aerobes
Must have oxygen to live
84
Facultative anaerobes
prefer oxygen but can survive with little or no O2 by fermentation
85
Evidence of evolution
microevolution
fossil record
molecular (biochemical) comparisons
biogeography
embryology
86
Chemotrophs
chemical energy source
87
phototrophs
light energy source
88
heterotroph
require organic nutrients as carbon source
89
autotroph
utilizes CO2
90
The origin of nuclei in eukaryote
- invagination of cell membrane created the membrane around chromosomes called nucleus.
91
Theory of Endosymbiosis- Know who discovered it as well, and the evidence for chloroplasts and mitochondria being derived from bacteria
Discovered by Lynn Margulis. Eukaryotes do phagocytosis to bring in alpha-proteobacteria that continues to make ATP and over time the bacteria reproduces and becomes more simplified (losing cell wall and horizontal gene flow to nucleus) turning into mitochondria. After obtaining mitochondria, eukaryotic archaeplastida cell takes in cyanobacteria which persists and reproduces creating excess sugar for the cell, so over time cyanobacteria simplifies (losing cell wall) into organelle -- chloroplasts for red and green algae. Evidence: M/C replicate through binary fission; M/C have own circular DNA; M/C contain own components for DNA transcription and translation; M/C have ribosomes more similar to prokaryotic ribosomes.
92
red algae, green algae, land plants supergroup?
Archaeplastida
93
In taxonomy, a(an) ___________ is a group of closely related kingdoms that is evolutionarily a separate lineage from other such groups of kingdoms.
Domain
94
_ are naked bits of RNA that have caused diseases in some plants.
viroids
