How plants colonized land Flashcards
(42 cards)
What was the first tree plant fossil called
The Migausha fossils
What plants produced spores
The achaeopteris
What are the two types of spores
Heterospore and male spore
Multicellularity
Arose independently several times in Eukarya
Caused another new wave in evolution
Origins in simpler colonial forms – Volvox
Cellular specialization and Division of labor
Escape cell size limitations
Membrane area to cytoplasm volume ratio
Facts about the plant kingdom
Origins over 470 MYA
10 phyla
4 basics lifecycles
Green algae that evolved onto land
Plants Evolved in waves :
First became more terrestrial, more
independent from water
Then coevolved with pollinators, dispersal
agents
who is the closest relative of plants
Green algae ( charophytes)
Morphological and
Molecular Evidence
Many key traits of plants also appear in some algae
However, plants share the following traits only with charophytes:
Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
Structure of flagellated sperm
Formation of a phragmoplast
Morphological and
Molecular Evidence
Many key traits of plants also appear in some algae
However, plants share the following traits only with charophytes:
Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
Structure of flagellated sperm
Formation of a phragmoplast
What are green algae,’s common ancestor
Charophyceans
Morphological and
Molecular Evidence
Many key traits of plants also appear in some algae
However, plants share the following traits only with charophytes:
Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
Structure of flagellated sperm
Formation of a phragmoplast
What does the sporopollenin do
prevents exposed zygotes from drying out
Where can the sporopollenin be found
In a charophytes
What is the sporopollenin
a layer of a durable polymer
Where else can a Sporopollenin be found
in plant spore walls
What are some Original Characteristics that
Plants share all green
algae
Autotrophic Multicellular Eukaryote
Chloroplast similarities
have chlorophyll a & b, use β-carotene as accessory
Thylakoids stacked in grana
Chloroplast DNA comparisons
Nuclear membrane breaks down during mitosis
What are 3 original characteristics that
Plants share the green
algae group Charophyceans
Cell plate formation by phragmoplast
Cell walls:
Made by rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes
20-26% of wall material, the closest match in algae
Sperm ultrastructure - biflagellate
Who are the closest living relatives of plants
charophytes in the
clade Zygnematophyceae (Like Spirogyra sp. )
It is nonvascular and seedless. they have elevated gametophores that look like miniature trees. sporophytes are very tiny, they have a short seta (stalk) with a round capsule. keyword “thalloid”
what supergroup, phylum and species does it belong to?
Supergroup: Bryophyta, Phylum hepatophyta, species Marchantia polymorpha AKA liverwort
it is nonvascular seedless.
gametophytes have a leaflike appendige.
what supergroup, phylum and species does it belong to?
supergroup Bryophyta, phylum hepatophyta, liverwort
What are the derived traits of plants
Four key traits appear in nearly all plants but are absent in the
charophytes
Alternation of generations (Sporophyte phase- Multicellular 2n plant)
Walled spores produced in sporangia (No flagella)
Apical meristems
plants originated from green algae when?
about 470 million years ago
what started to appear around 425 million years ago
traits facilitating life on land
what were some evolutionary events
Living on land, spores
Moss Liverwort
Vascular tissues
Lycophytes, ferns
Pollen, Seeds
Gymnosperms
Flowers & Fruits
Angiosperms
Green algae gave rise to?
Mosses (470 MYA) and liverworts
