exam 1 Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
what domain of life are closely related to eukaryotes
A
archaea
2
Q
bacteria and archaea are both ___ because they lack a ___
A
prokaryotes, nucleus
3
Q
prokaryotic cells have a nucleus T or F
A
false, prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus
4
Q
which domains of life are able to exploit a wide range of habitats?
A
bacteria and archaea
5
Q
what domains of life have high diversity in metabolism and morphology
A
bacteria and archaea
6
Q
bacteria
- size
- nuclear envelope?
- chromosomes
- organelles
-cell wall material
A
small
no
circular
no
peptidoglycan
7
Q
archaea
- size
- nuclear envelope?
- chromosomes
- organelles
-cell wall material
A
small
no
circular
no
lacks peptidoglycan
8
Q
eukaryotes
- size
- nuclear envelope?
- chromosomes
- organelles
-cell wall material
A
large
yes
linear
yes
when present, cellulose or chitin
9
Q
thin peptidoglycan layer in cell wall is gram…
A
negative
10
Q
thick peptidoglycan layer is gram
A
positive
11
Q
second outer membrane is gram
A
negative
12
Q
stain pink is gram
A
negative
13
Q
stain purple is gram
A
positive
14
Q
what inhibits growth of bacteria and NOT viruses
A
antibiotics
15
Q
antibiotics disrupt what
A
maintenance of the bacterial cell wall and protein synthesis
16
Q
what part of the membrane within a gram negative bacteria protects against antibiotics?
A
the outer membrane
17
Q
more effective against gram positive bacteria
A
antibiotics that disrupt cell wall maintenance
18
Q
antibiotics that disrupt protein synthesis
A
equally affective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria
19
Q
what shape are bacillus
A
rod shaped cells
20
Q
shape of coccus
A
spherical
21
Q
spirillum shape
A
spiral/ helical cell
22
Q
strepto
A
chain or string of cells
23
Q
staphylo
A
clump or cluster of cell s
24
Q
autotroph producer does what
A
fix carbon to make organic building blocks
25
heterotroph consumer does what
acquire organic building blocks from other organisms
26
phototroph does what
use light to make ATP
27
chemoorgabnotroph
use energy from organic molecules to make ATP
28
chemolithotroph
uses energy from inorganic molecules to make ATP
29
how many basic metabolic classes of eukaryotes
2
30
______ are metabolically very diverse
prokaryotes
31
ATP production by phototropism using light every that produces oxygen
oxygenic
32
ATP by phototropism that doesnt produce oxygen
anoxygenic
33
ATP production using chemical energy that does not require oxygen
anaerobic
34
autotrophs are
primary producers
35
heterotrophs are
consumers
36
_____can produce ATP within oxygen by the process of fermentation
aerobic organisms
37
parenchyma cells characteristics & functions (3)
some carry out photosynthesis
some store starch
some are totipotent
38
cholenchyma cell characteristics (1)
provide flexible support for parts of the plant that are still growing
39
sclerenchyma cell characteristics (2)
provide ridged support for parts of the plant that are NO LONGER growing
include fibers and sclerids
40
within the vascular system
does the phloem transport water and minerals & xylem transports sugars ?
no, false
41
vascular tissue is present where
leaves, stems, roots
42
what is true about xylem?
it transports materials from the shoot to the roots and also from the roots to the shoot
it is dead at maturity
it consists of sieve tubes and companion cells
it is dead at maturity
43
inner part of cell wall; comprised of lignin
what type of cell wall?
secondary cell wall
44
outer part of cell wall; comprised of cellulose
which cell wall is this
primary cell wall
45
characteristics and functions of tracheids (4)
long and narrow
slower water flow
have pits in secondary cell, no perforations at ends
present in all vascular plants
46
characteristics of vessel elements (4)
short and wide
have pits in secondary cell wall and perforations at ends
present in angiosperms and some gymnosperms
47
phloem transports sugars
from the shoot to the roots and also from the roots to the shoot
2 way system
48
leaf cells
produces sugars
49
sieve tube
transports sugars between shoot and root systems
50
companion cells
transports sugars between leaf and sieve tube
51
primary growth in plant characteristics (3)
lengthening of the trunk, branches, and roots
occurs at primary meristems
occurs throughout the life of the plant
52
procambium
produces new vascular tissue during primary growth in plants
53
what is osmosis
movement of water from area of low solute concentration to area of high solute concentration
low —> high
54
what is passive transport
movement along solute along gradient from high to low concentration, no ATP
high —> low
NO ATP REQUIRED
55
what is active transport
movement of solutes against concentration low to high, requires ATP
low —> high
REQUIRES ATP
56
what is transpiration
the loss of water from the shoot system of the plant by evaporation
57
what are the root hairs (2)
extend from epidermal cells
increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals
58
endodermis (2)
surrounds vascular bundle, water tight
59
vascular bundle includes what
phloem, xylem, located in inner part of root
60
symplastic route
water moves from cell to cell through plasmodesmata
61
transmembrane route
water moves from cell to cell across cell membranes
62
apoplastic route
water moves around cells through cell walls
63
apoplastic route of water into a plant root (3)
water is blocked at the endodermis by the Casparian strip
Water must move into cells to get to the xylem
as water moves into cells, it is filtered by the cell membrane
64
does movement of water through the xylem require energy from ATP?
yes
65
what happens when water is transported through the xylem (3)
water molecules in xylem are held together in chains by hydrogen bonds
water molecules in xylem are held together in chains by hydrogen bonds
as water molecules evaporate from leaves, new water molecules are pulled up through xylem to replace water molecules that have evaporated
66
what is phloem loading in sugar transport in plants
sugars move into companion cells by active transport
67
what happens within bulk flow in sugar transport in plants?
water moves from xylem to the sieve tube by osmosis
water pressure increases in the sieve tube
increased water pressure moves water and sugar through the sieve tube
68
Phloem unloading in sugar transport in plants involves
movement of sugars from the sieve tube to the sink.
69
green plants characteristics (3)
have chloroplasts with a double membrane
have the pigments chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotene
store glucose as starch
70
plants are (3)
primary producers
important in ecosystems
can be used for food, clothing, building materials, and medicine
71
what is the cuticle of a plant
waxy covering of a plant that helps reduce water loss
72
what is the stomata of a plant
pores that can open and close to let H2O or CO2 enter or leave a plant
73
what do all land plants have in common?
they all have alternation of generations
74
what is the advantage of living on land over living in water?
greater access to CO2 and light
75
Vascular tissue in plants transports
water and provides support against gravity.
76
mosses and liverworts are
non vascular, seedless
have sperm with flagella
77
Ferns, horsetails, and club mosses
vascular, seedless
have sperm with flagella
78
Conifers and ginkgoes
vascular and produce seeds
have pollen
79
archegonia
produces eggs, part of the gametophyte
80
antheridia
produce sperm, part of the gametophyte
81
sporangia
produces spores, part of sporophyte
82
T or F:
In mosses the sporophyte is the dominant generation, and the gametophyte grows out of the antheridium on the sporophyte.
false
83
Non-vascular plants and seedless vascular plants are found primarily in dry habitats.
false, found in moist environments
84
flowering plants have
pollen
85
what happens within the fern life cycle
- the egg is fertilized in the archegonium
- the sporophyte begins developing in the archegonium
- the gametophyte dies and the sporophyte grows large
86
angiosperms
seed developed within ovule
ovule is surrounded by ovary
87
gymnosperms
seed develops within ovule
ovule is NOT surrounded by the ovary
88
what has heterospory
angiosperms and gymnosperms have heterospory
89
In angiosperms and gymnosperms,_________ is the dominant generation.
the sporophyte
90
what happens within the pine life cycle
the male gametophyte is the pollen
the pollen disperses, usually by wind
the female gametophyte and egg stay on the parent plant, and the egg is fertilized on the parent plant
91
T OR F
Asexual reproduction can produce offspring more quickly than sexual reproduction, but there is less genetic diversity among offspring in asexual reproduction.
true
92
T OR F
In angiosperms, flowers attract pollinators such as birds and insects.
true
93
stigma
has moist tip, catches pollen
94
style
stalk leading to ovary
95
ovary
surrounds ovules produces fruit
96
ovule
produces female gametophyte which produces egg
97
what happens within the carpel of a flower
the megasporocyte produces one megaspore
the megaspore develops into the female gametophyte (embryo sac) which produces the egg
the megaspore develops into the female
gametophyte (embryo sac) which produces two haploid polar nuclei
98
what happens within the anther of a flower
the microsporocyte produces four microspores
each microspore develops into a male gametophyte (pollen grain) that has a tube cell and generative cell
the generative cell eventually will produce two sperm cells
99
one sperm fertilizes the egg to form the zygote, which develops into an embryo
one sperm joins with the two polar nuclei to form endosperm
the embryo and endosperm are packaged into a seed
this is what?
double fertilization
100
fruits turn into a bright color when
they are mature and they need to attract animals to disperse seeds
101
what is the cotyledon
embryonic leaf in a seed
