midterm 2 lectures 8 & 9 Flashcards
1
Q
plant sensory systems detect environmental stimuli such as (4 things)
A
light, pressure, gravity, and airborne molecules
2
Q
_____ initiate responses to environmental stimuli
A
plant sensory systems
3
Q
_____ is the growth of a plant toward light
A
phototropism
4
Q
in phototropism, greater elongation of cells occur on what side of the stem
A
the shaded side of the stem
5
Q
phototropism occurs in response to what color light
A
blue light
6
Q
a ____ is a receptor protein on a receptor cell membrane that responds to light
A
phototropin
7
Q
what is auxin?
A
a hormone that promotes growth in the stem of a plant
8
Q
within phototropism, auxin moves from the _____ side of the stem to the _____ side of the stem
A
illuminated, shaded
9
Q
____ produced at the tip of a stem and transported from the tip down to the zone of cellular elongation
A
auxin
10
Q
if the entire plant is illuminated, this means that (2 things)
A
- there is an equal transport of auxin down both sides of the stem
- the stem does not bend
11
Q
in phototropism, more ___ is transported down the shaded side of the stem
A
auxin
12
Q
in phototropism, greater elongation of cells on the shaded side of the stem causes what?
A
the stem bend towards the light
13
Q
a _____ is a chemical signal circulated throughout the plant
A
hormone
14
Q
hormones such as _____ must be released in _____ amounts to generate an effect
A
auxin, large
15
Q
auxin is produced by _____ in the ____ system
A
apical meristems, shoot system
16
Q
______ promotes growth in the shoot system of plants
A
auxin
17
Q
______ helps shoots grow upward and roots grow downward even if a seed germinated upside down
A
gravitropism
18
Q
what happens when there is a negative gravitropism?
A
the shoot grows upward against gravity
19
Q
what happens when there is a positive gravitropism?
A
shoot grows downward in the direction of gravity
20
Q
____ involves responses of an individual to the environmental factors it experiences
A
phenotypic plasticity
21
Q
a tree trunk growing in a windy area would tend to have what kind of trunk?
A
short and thicker, cell walls become stiffer
22
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
a tree trunk growing in an area without would tend to have a shorter and thicker trunk
A
false
23
Q
______ is the movement of a part of a plant in response to touch
A
thigmotropism
24
Q
the closing of a venus fly trap occurs in response to _____
A
electrical signals moving across cells
25
the closing of a venus fly trap is mediated by __________
water moving into some cells and out of others
26
what is ethylene (3 things)
- a gas
- can affect other plants
-promotes ripening of fruits
27
what is abscisic acid (2 things)
- inhibits seed germination
- promotes closing of stomata in dry conditions
28
what is gibberellins? (2 things)
- promotes seed germination
- promotes growth of stems and fruit
29
what is brassosteroids? (1 thing)
- promotes growth in stems and leaves
30
what is auxin?
produced by ____ in _____ system
promotes growth in _____ system
inhibits growth in ______ system
promotes _______ ______
-produced by apical meristems in shoot system
- promotes growth in shoot system
- inhibits growth in root system
- promotes apical dominance
31
fungi are _______
decomposers
32
fungi form ____ relationships between ____ and ____
symbiotic, plants and algae
33
TRUE or FALSE
most species of fungus cause disease and most human diseases are caused by fungi
false
34
fungi are important in the ______ industry
food
35
one of the main ways that fungi have adverse effects on humans is by ______
spoiling food
36
fungi are more closely related to ______ and ______
animals and chanoflagellates
37
common ancestor of fungi probably an _________ with ______ flagellum
aquatic unicellular organism, singular
38
fungi and animals are _____trophic
heterotrophic
39
what groups has chitin as a structural polysaccharide
(plants, fungi, animals)
fungi and animals
40
what group has cellulose as a structural polysaccharide
(plants, fungi, animals)
plants
41
what group has a cell wall
(plants, fungi, animals)
plants and fungi
42
what group stores glucose as glycogen?
(plants, fungi, animals)
fungi and animals
43
what group has a single flagellum on gametes
(plants, fungi, animals)
fungi and animals
44
what group has multiple flagella on gametes?
(plants, fungi, animals)
think germination
plants
45
fungi have _____ feeding
absorptive
46
a ____ is a decomposers that feeds on dead plant organisms
saprophyte
47
_______ _____ is an enzyme that breaks down lignin in wood
lignin peroxidase
48
_____ is an enzyme that breaks down cellulose in wood
cellulase
49
_____ is not a good food source for fungi, but breaking down ______ increases acccess to cellulose
(the two blanks are the same term)
lignin
50
yeasts are ______ fungi
unicellular
51
_____ are thin filaments that make up the body of a fungus
hyphae
52
hyphae
thin filiments that make up ___________
_____ surface area for absorption
vulnerable to ______
body of fungus, increase surface area for absorption,
desiccation (drying out)
53
coenocytic
cells in hyphae _____ to form a _______
join, large multinucleate “supercell”
54
septate
cells in hyphae are _____ by partitions that allows _______
seperated, material to move from cell to cell
55
fungi have ____ vascular system for long distance transport
no
56
______ in a fungus is a mass of hyphae that acts as a feeding structure
mycelium
57
the mycelium of a fungus is usually _____ or _______
underground, inside the food source
58
the fruiting body of a fungus is a ________ structure and produces ______
reproductive, spores
59
the reproductive structures of a fungus are usually found _______ or ________
usually above ground, on the surface of the food source
60
_____ is a relationship between individuals of different species
symbiosis
61
parasitism
one species benefits from the relationship and the other is harmed
62
mutualism
both of the species benefit from the relationship
63
commensalism
one species benefits relationship and neither is harmed
64
ectomycorrhizal fungi
hyphae __________
form sheath around root
65
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
hyphae penetrate ______, branch and come in contact with ________
cell well, root cell membrane
66
what is common in trees in temperate regions, provides plant with phosphorus and nitrogen, receives carbon from plant
ectomycorrhizal fungi
67
common in grasslands and tropical regions, provide plant mainly with phosphorus, and receive carbon from plant
arbuscular mycorrhizal
68
______ provide chemical defences for plants, help increase the drought tolerance of plants, receive carbon from plants, may form commensal relationship with plants
endophytes
69
_____ are found in the above- ground parts of plants
endophytes
70
endophytes may provide ___________ for plants
chemical defences
71
endophytes may increase the _______ of plants
drought tolerance
72
endophytes may recieve ______ from plants. may form ______ relationships with plants
carbon, commensal
73
a heterokaryotic cell has distinct __________
haploid nuclei from different parents
74
a diploid nucleus has how many copies of each chromosome?
two copies
75
a haploid nucleus has how many copies of each chromosome?
one copy
76
a heterokaryotic cell has ___ copies of each chromosome with ____ copy in ____ haploid nucleus and the other copy in the other _____ nucleus
two, one, one, haploid
77
in _____ haploid hyphae join to form a heterokaryotic hypha with two distinct haploid nuclei
plasmogamy
78
TRUE OR FALSE
only hyphae of different mating types can undergo plasmogamy
true
79
heterokaryotic hyphae produce the _______ for sexual reproduction
reproductive structure
80
in _____ two haploid nuclei in a heterokaryotic hypha join to form a diploid zygote
karyogamy
81
plasmogamy or karyogamy
haploid cells join to form a heterokaryotic cell, with distinct nuclei
plasmogamy
82
plasmogamy or karyogamy
haploid nuclei in a heterokaryotic cell join to form a diploid nucleus, which undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores
karyogamy
83
in sexual production within fungi, ____ spores are produced by _____
haploid, meiosis
84
spores can be dispersed by _____
wind
85
spores can remain dormant for example _____
environmental conditions are inhospitable
86
spores may eventually germinate to form new _______
individual fungus
87
some mushrooms are attracted to ___ to attract insects to help _____
light, disperse spores
88
in bioluminescence mushrooms what molecule reacts w oxygen to produce light?
luciferin
89
most bioluminescent species are found in the _____ because of the limited amount of external light there
water
90
In 2008, the Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded for the development of
bioluminescent molecules that can be used in research to tag and trace other molecules.
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
91
must fungi have what two types of cycles?
sexual and asexual cycles
92
how many lineages of fungi has an alternation of generations
one lineage
93
asexual reproduction in fungi
spores are produced by _____ and by _____
spores are haploid or diploid?
spores are produced by meiosis or mitosis?
____ are usually elevated to aid in spore dispersal
haploid fungus, sporangia
haploid
mitosis
sporangia
94
____ are asexually reproducing fungi and can be found in different lineages of fungi
molds
95
TRUE OR FALSE
Some species of Chytrids have reproduction with alternation of generations.
true
96
true or false
Chytrids live only in hot and dry habitats.
false
97
true or false
Some chytrids can digest cellulose and form mutualistic relationships with mammalian
herbivores.
true
98
Parasitic Chytrids have caused mass mortality in which group of animals?
Amphibians
99
in chytrids ____ have a flagellum
in chytrids ____ have a flagellum
in chytrids ____ have a flagellum
spores, egg cells, sperm
100
true of false
glomeromycota is easy to study in the lab, and much is known about this lineage of fungi
false
101
Most fungi in Glomeromycota form ectomycorrhizal associations with plant roots.
true or false
false
102
true or false
Most fungi in Glomeromycota from arbuscular mycorrhizal associations with plant roots.
true
103
Fungi in Glomeromycota are common in grasslands and tropical forests.
true or false
true
104
plasmogamy forms a ball- like ______
zygosporangium
105
Karyogamy occurs in the zygosporangium.
true or false
true
106
Karyogamy produces a diploid zygote.
true or false
true
107
The zygote undergoes meiosis to produce haploid ____
spores
108
true or false
Spores are produced in bulb-like sporangia.
true
109
true or false
Many fungi in Zygomycota are saprophytes and many cause crop damage.
true
110
Zygomycota includes fungi with asexual mold forms that grow on bread and fruit.
true or false
true
111
true or false
Plasmogamy produces a heterokaryote.
true
112
The heterokaryote develops into an above-ground structure (basidiocarp).
true or false
true
113
Karyogamy occurs in ___ in the above-ground structure.
basidia
114
Karyogamy produces a diploid zygote.
true or false
true
115
Karyogamy produces a diploid zygote. ________
spores, basdiospores
116
Basidiomycota includes most ectomycorrhizal fungi.
true or false
true
117
Basidiomycota includes most arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
true or false
false
118
Some fungi in Basidiomycota have lignin peroxidase and are good at decomposing
wood.
true or false
true
119
Some fungi in Basidiomycota are parasitic.
true or false
true
120
Basidiomycota includes bioluminescent species.
true
121
Plasmogamy produces a heterokaryote.
true or false
true
122
The heterokaryote develops into an above-ground structure (ascocarp).
true or false
true
123
Karyogamy occurs in sac-like ____ in the above-ground structure.
asci
124
Karyogamy produces a diploid zygote.
true or false
true
125
The zygote undergoes meiosis to produce _____
spores ascospores
126
Haploid spores are sometimes called ____
conidia
127
The conidia are produced by structures called
conidiophores
128
The conidiophores have finger-like projections.
true or false
true
129
Ascomycota includes baker’s and brewer’s yeast.
true or false
true
130
Ascomycota includes the mold that produces penicillin.
true or false
true
131
Ascomycota includes predatory species that snare prey with looped hyphae.
true or false
true
132
Ascomycota includes species that form lichens.
true or false
true
133
Lichens are formed by symbiotic relationships between a fungus and cyanobacteria or
eukaryotic algae.
true or false
true
134
In a lichen, the fungus protects the cyanobacteria or algae against desiccation.
true or false
true
135
In a lichen, the cyanobacteria or algae provides sugars to the fungus. true or false
true
