Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(85 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Weak interactions between non polar molecules that are close

A

Van der waals forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Accepts H+

A

Bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Donates H+

A

Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Acts as both acid and base

A

Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mix of weak acid and it’s conjugate base (vice versa)

A

Buffer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Measure of H+

A

pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

pH formula

A

-log[H+]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

A

Strong Acid; fully dissociates to make H+ and Cl- in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)

A

Weak Acid; partially dissociates in water to form H+ and HCO3-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nitric Acid

A

Strong Acid; fully dissociates to make H+ and NO3-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Acetic Acid

A

Weak Acid; partially dissociates to make H+ and CH3COO-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)

A

Weak acid; partially dissociates into H+ ions and H2PO4-, HPO4(2-), and PO4(3-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)

A

Strong Acid; Fully dissociates to form HSO4- and H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ammonia (NH3)

A

Weak base; partially dissociates in water to form NH4+ and OH-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

A

Strong base; fully dissociates to form Na+ and OH-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)

A

Strong base; fully dissociates to form K+ and OH-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Methyl Amine (CH3NH2)

A

Weak base; partially dissociates in water to form CH3NH3+ and OH-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCL)

A

Weak base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Functional Group

A

Determines how molecules interact with others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Variably sized sugar molecules usually with formula (C1H2O1)n. Characterized by number of sugars.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Carbohydrate functions include

A

Storing energy
Transporting stored energy
Be arranged to form other molecules
Form extra cellular support structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars; monomer of complex carbs; used as energy source; exists as ring or chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two simple sugars linked by covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Formed by several monosaccharides; often covalently bonded to proteins and lipids on cell surfaces where they serve as recognition signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Polysaccharides
Larger polymers of monosaccharides; some are branched
26
Glycosidic Bonds
Bonds by which di, oligo, and polysaccharides are held together
27
Condensation Reaction
Results in formation of covalent bonds between monomers; forms polymers and creates water; new covalent bond between monomers and water is created
28
Hydrolysis Reaction
Breaks down polymers into monomers and consume water
29
Lipids
Nonpolar hydrocarbons that have various roles in cells; defined by insolubility in water
30
Fats and Oils
Type of lipid; triglycerides that store energy
31
Triglyceride
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol connected with an ester linkage (formed through condensation reaction)
32
Fats are
Solid at room temp
33
Oils are
Liquid at room temp
34
Phospholipid
Type of lipid; 2 fatty acids bound to glycerol with a phosphate; amphipathic: head is hydrophilic phosphate group and tail is hydrophobic fatty acid chains
35
Carotenoids
type of lipid; light absorbing pigments
36
Steroids
Multiple rings that share carbon atoms; cholesterol, messenger molecules, hormones, etc
37
Wax
Long chain alcohol bound ton an unsaturated fatty acid
38
Nucleic Acids
Informational macromolecules
39
Monomer of nucleic acids
Nucleotides
40
Polymer of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
41
DNA molecules vary in their
sequence of bases
42
Chargaff's Rule
[A]=[T], [C]=[G]= 50%
43
Purines
Type of nitrogenous base; double ringed; adenine and guanine
44
Pyrimidines
Type of nitrogenous base; single ringed; cytosine and thymine
45
What kind of backbone do oligonucleotides have?
Sugar-phosphate backbone; always attaches to carbon #5
46
Differences between RNA and DNA
RNA single-stranded vs DNA double RNA has 2 OH groups, DNA has OH and H (RNA more reactive) Sugar in RNA is ribose vs sugar in DNA is deoxyribose
47
Nucleotide ATP
Adenine monomer of RNA; used as energy carrier
48
Phosphodiester Bond
Links nucleotides in a strand of DNA (covalent bonds); between phosphate group at 5 carbon location and hydroxyl at 3 carbon location
49
What did Rosalind Franklin's Photo 51 reveal about DNA?
Double helix Bases are on inside of each strand and sugar-phosphate groups are on inside Diameter: 2nm Number of nucleotides per turn=10 Chain is antiparallel
50
Key features of DNA
Double Helix Right-handed (turns to right) Antiparallel (one strand has free 3' hydroxyl group other strand has free 5' phosphate group) Strands are held together by hydrogen bonding between complementary bases Outer edges of the bases are exposed in major and minor grooves (major=bigger)
51
Monomers of Protein
Amino Acids
52
Gene
A sequence of DNA that contains the info to make one protein
53
One gene, one enzyme hypothesis
Each gene contains the info needed to make a single enzyme
54
RNA polymerase
The enzyme that synthesizes RNA according to the information provided by the sequence of bases in a particular stretch of DNA; transcription
55
Coding strand of DNA
Has same polarity and sequence as mRNA
56
mRNA
Carries info from DNA to site of protein synthesis
57
Template strand of DNA
Complementary to RNA
58
What reads mRNA to produce protein?
Ribosomes
59
Transcription
First process in gene expression; is the process by which hereditary info in DNA is copied to mRNA
60
Translation
Second process in gene expression; process by which info in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins
61
What determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein
The sequence of bases in the mRNA
62
Genetic code
A triplet code, with a three base sequence called a codon specifying a single amino acid
63
Four characteristics of the genetic code
Redundant; all amino acids except Met and TRP are coded for by more than one codon Conservative; when several codons specify the same amino acid, the first two bases of the codons are almost always identical Unambiguous; a single codon never codes for more than one amino acid Universal; With few exceptions, all organisms have the same genetic code
64
Start Codon
AUG
65
Stop Codons
UAA, UAG, UGA
66
What dictates protein's functions
Folding of its polypeptide chains into specific shapes
67
Primary Structure of protein
The sequence of the amino acids in a polypeptide chain
68
Which of the two isomers of amino acids are found in physiological contexts?
L-alanine, not D-alanine
69
What dictates amino acid's properties
Amino acid side chains aka r-groups
70
Which amino acids have polar, hydrophilic side chains that are uncharged?
Serine, Threonine, Asparagine, Glutamine, Tyrosine
71
Which amino acids have charged hydrophilic side chains
Arginine, Histidine, Lysine, Aspartic Acid (-), Glutamic Acid (-)
72
Which amino acids have hydrophobic side chains
Alanine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Valine
73
Which amino acids don't fit any categories
Cysteine, Glycine, Proline
74
Amino groups in amino acids
Accept H+ (basic)
75
Carboxyl groups in amino acids
Donates H+(acidic)
76
Influences to protein folding include
H bonds pH temp van dar waals forces hydrophobic interactions
77
Secondary structure of a protein
Determined and stabilized by hydrogen bonding with the backbone of amino acids (may form alpha helix or beta pleated sheets)
78
Tertiary structure
How a protein folds in 3D because of interactions between R groups; stabilized by hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic interactions
79
Quaternary Structure
Association of polypeptides with other polypeptides
80
What happens if a chemical treatment were used to disrupt the secondary and tertiary structure of a protein
It would become denatured (unfolded) and it won't function
81
Urea
Highly polar molecule that disrupts hydrogen and ionic bonds
82
B-mercaptoethanol
Can reduce/break disulfide bridges
83
Proteins have very specific binding partners to which they bind
Non-covalently
84
What is specificity in binding of protein partners determined by
Shape: should be general fit between protein and other molecule Chemistry: surface R groups can interact with other molecule through non-covalent interactions
85
Chaperone Proteins
Protects proteins from inappropriate binding and also helps new proteins with folding

Bio 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions